نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شاهد
2 دانشجوی دکترای جامعه شناسی سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد بروکسل
چکیده
وقوع انقلاب اسلامی نظریات مسلط جامعه شناسی سیاسی در حوزه مطالعات انقلاب و رابطه دولت و جامعه را به طور نسبی تحت تاثیر خود قرار داد. مهم‌ترین سوال‌ها پیرامون این حادثه سیاسی در تاریخ معاصر ایران مربوط به «چرایی و چگونگی» وقوع آن است. هدف اصلی در این مقاله پاسخ به «چرایی» ساختاری فروپاشی رژیم پهلوی دوم است. در پاسخ به این «چرایی» به سه علت/ فرضیه ساختاری و مکانیسمهای علّی آن اشاره خواهد شد که نشان می‌دهند رژیم سابق از طریق چه مکانیسم هایی دچار آسیب‌پذیری شد. فرضیه اول معطوف به ماهیت دولت سلطانی در دوران رژیم پهلوی دوم است که آن را به عنوان یکی از علل تاثیرگذار در فروپاشی رژیم مدّ نظر دارد. فرضیه دوم در صدد است تا ماهیت رانتی رژیم شاه و سازوکارهای منتج از این ماهیت را به عنوان دومین علّت آسیب‌پذیری دولت مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد. فرضیه سوم فشارهای خارجی (ایالات متحده) به منظور استقرار دولتی دست نشانده و وابسته در منطقه را به عنوان سومین علّت آسیب‌پذیری معرفی می‌کند. ترکیب این سه پاسخ به مساله آسیب‌پذیری ساختاری رژیم پهلوی، مدلی نسبتاً جامع ارائه می‌دهد که از طریق آن می‌توان بخشی از ناکارآمدی دولت در عصر پهلوی دوم را تبیین کرد. این مقاله با روشی کیفی و تاریخی و با حمایت داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای نشان می‌دهد که وجه ساختاری وقوع انقلاب اسلامی ایران محصول ترکیب ماهیت سلطانی، رانتی و وابسته رژیم پهلوی بوده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Structural Analysis on the Overthrow of the Second Pahlavis
نویسندگان [English]
- Ali Morshedizad 1
- Saleh Zamani 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of political science, Shahed University
2 PhD Student of Political Sociology, free University of Brussels
چکیده [English]
Purpose:The main goal of this article is to provide an answer to the question as to why the second Pahlavi government became vulnerable and paved the path for the Islamic revolution. Moreover, this article tries to evaluate the political behavior of the Shah with structural and state-oriented responses. The other goal is providing an ‘analysis model’ for social and political scholars in order to apply it in terms of comparative studies with other cases of revolutions/quasi revolutions which are similar to sociopolitical context of Iran.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The main methodological strategy of this article is qualitative approach and historical studies. In reaction to the “why” question of regime collapse, three structural hypotheses /answers will be mentioned which demonstrate the mechanisms through which the ancient regime became vulnerable. The first hypothesis is related to the sultanistic nature of the Pahlavi government. The second hypothesis is seeking to consider the rentier nature of government and its mechanisms which stem from beingas other reason of vulnerability. The third hypothesis presents foreign pressures and decreasing of United States supports than the Shah’s government. The combination of these answers to the problem of vulnerability puts forth a relative comprehensive analysis model which can explain some aspects of state’s ineffectiveness in the second Pahlavi era.
Findings:The historical review of the most significant sociopolitical events during 1941-1979 shows that the Pahlavi government experienced the process of vulnerability through sultanism, rentierism and dependency to the United States. Actually, the state vulnerability on the one hand resulted from extension of the Shah despotic power, personal authority, and corruption of his relatives as well as lack of rule of law and on the other hand, depended on the autonomy of state from social classes, establishment of one party system, and extension of patronage policy. The crisis of decrease in President Carter’s support and his pressures in terms of human rights in Iran was the last factor which accelerated the process of vulnerability and approached the Shah into vulnerability. According to these findings, the proposed model, structurally, is capable to explain the reasons of Pahlavi regime overthrowing.
Originality/Value: With regards to the most important sociological and political sciences on the studies of Islamic Revolution in Iran, this article is taken account as a new step and insight for multi factors understanding of Pahlavi government’s vulnerability. Although some scholars considered the reasons and roots of the Shah’s vulnerability in light of variety of factors, the presented structural/state-oriented model and combinational hypothesis in this article can enrich the literature of sociopolitical research on Islamic Revolution studies.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Political vulnerability
- Sultanistic state
- rentier state
- political cliency
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