نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• داریوش رحمتی ¹
• آناهیتا معتضد راد ²

¹ دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم‌سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

² استادیار گروه علوم‌سیاسی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

چکیده

دولت مفهومی مدرن و متأخر در حوزه حکمرانی و اداره جامعه است که وجود آن برای هر نظم اجتماعی ضروری به نظرمی رسد. این مفهوم در ایران باستان به‌عنوان نهادی برای اجرای جهان داری در چارچوب مفهوم شهریاری(شاه آرمانی) قابل درک است. اندیشه‌ای که در دوره ماد آغاز و در دوره‌های هخامنشی، اشکانی و ساسانی تحول و قوام یافت و در دوره ساسانی پیوستگی میان سیاست و دین به اوج مفهومی خود در عرصه سیاست شاهی رسید. لذا نوشتار حاضر درصدد پاسخ به این پرسش است که کدام شرایط و علل نظری و عملی سبب شد ساسانیان بتوانند نخستین دولت دینی در ایران باستان توسط ساسانیان بنیان نهاده شود؟ با بهره‌مندی از روش جامعه‌شناسی تاریخی سعی شده تا ضمن مداقه در زمینه‌ها و مفاهیم فلسفی-سیاسی اندیشه شاهی ایران باستان از دوره ماد و بررسی شرایط سیاسی موجود و تطورات آن در دوره‌های هخامنشیان و اشکانیان به‌عنوان علل نظری و عملی چگونگی پیدایش نخستین دولت دینی در ساختار سیاست ایران باستان در دوره ساسانی پرداخته شود. یافته‌های مقاله مؤید مسئله اصلی پژوهش هستند که تأسیس نخستین دولت با مبانی دینی در ایران باستان در دوره ساسانی در نتیجه تحول در اندیشه سیاسی شاهی در حوزه‌های فکری (دین)، سیاسی (شاه) و اجتماعی (خانواده و طبقات) در دوره‌های هخامنشیان و اشکانیان صورت گرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• دولت دینی
• ایران باستان
• فره ایزدی
• شاه آرمانی
• اندیشه ایرانشهری
• دولت ساسانی

موضوعات

• اندیشه سیاسی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Religious Foundations of the State in Ancient Iran: A Case Study of the Sasanian Era

نویسندگان [English]

• Dariush Rahmati ¹
• Anahita Motazed Rad ²

¹ PhD student, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The concept of the state is one of the most complex and multifaceted phenomena in human history, serving as the primary mechanism for legislation, social order, and communal administration. While Western political science often treats the state as a modern construct arising from social contracts and secular rationalism, the historical trajectory of ancient Iran presents a fundamentally different paradigm. In the Iranian civilization, particularly during the Sassanid era, the state was not a mere secular entity but was deeply intertwined with cosmic and religious orders.
The transition from the Parthian (Arsacid) Empire to the Sassanid Empire marked a pivotal shift in the nature of Iranian governance. While the Parthians maintained a more decentralized, Hellenistic-influenced model, the Sassanids sought to consolidate power through a centralized, ideological, and deeply religious framework. This research aims to investigate the mechanism through which the Sassanid government integrated religious logic into the administrative layers of the state, effectively transitioning from the relatively pluralistic Parthian model to a highly structured religious monarchy. The central inquiry focuses on how the concept of the “Ideal King” served as the cornerstone for this new political-religious identity.
Materials & Methods
This study employs a qualitative, analytical approach, utilizing a historical case study methodology centered on the Sassanid period. The research is grounded in the scrutiny of the relationship between political principles and theological interpretations within the framework of “Iranshahri” (Iranian-centric) political thought. To ensure academic rigor, the study analyzes a diverse array of historical and archeological evidence, including:
                Numismatic Evidence: Examining the iconography and inscriptions on Sassanid coinage, particularly the titles used by rulers such as Ardeshir Babakan (e.g., the emphasis on being a “Mazda-worshiper”) to establish divine legitimacy.

Epigraphic and Textual Analysis: Reviewing historical accounts regarding the policies of the early Sassanid monarchs and the socio-political influence of the Zoroastrian clergy (Mughans).
Conceptual Framework: Applying the theoretical lens of the “Ideal King” and the interplay between the concepts of ‘Arta’ (Truth/Cosmic Order) and ‘Xshathra’ (Dominion/Power) to understand the divine mandate of the Sassanid throne.

Discussion & Results
The findings of this research reveal a sophisticated, albeit rigid, integration of religion and statehood that redefined the Iranian political landscape.
The Institutionalization of Theocracy:
One of the most significant results of the Sassanid political strategy was the formalization of the clergy’s role within the state apparatus. Under the leadership of Ardeshir Babakan, the Zoroastrian priesthood (Mughans) was elevated from a religious class to a powerful political institution. This was not merely a symbolic gesture; it was a structural integration. The clergy, exemplified by figures such as the high priest Kartir, gained unprecedented influence over state affairs, ranging from judicial decisions to economic administration. This resulted in a “state within a state,” where the religious establishment possessed the authority to guide, and at times, constrain the monarch’s executive power.
The Doctrine of Sacred Kingship:
The research identifies the “Sacred King” as the central axis of Sassanid governance. Unlike secular models where the king is a protector of the law, the Sassanid king was seen as the earthly manifestation of divine will. The king was both the political administrator and the supreme guardian of the sacred fire and religious truth. This creates a binary political reality: the social and political order was perceived as a reflection of the cosmic order. Consequently, any political rebellion or deviation from state policy was not merely viewed as treason but as a demonic (Druj) act against the divine order (Asha/Arta).
Ideological Rigidity and its Socio-Political Consequences:
While the infusion of religious ideology provided the Sassanid state with immense internal cohesion and a strong sense of civilizational identity, it also introduced significant structural vulnerabilities. The research highlights several critical consequences:

Suppression of Diversity: The drive for religious uniformity led to the violent suppression of heterodox beliefs and followers of other faiths (such as Manichaeism and other minority sects). This reduced the state’s capacity to integrate diverse social groups.
Administrative Inflexibility: The heavy involvement of the clergy in civil administration created a bureaucratic rigidity. The focus on maintaining ritualistic purity and clerical authority often superseded the need for pragmatic and adaptive governance.
Resource Depletion: Significant state resources were directed toward the establishment and maintenance of clerical authority and religious monuments, which, in the long term, strained the empire’s economic stability during periods of external pressure.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Sassanid era represents a landmark period in the history of political thought, where the state was reconstructed as a religious entity built upon the foundation of the “Idealistic King.” This model succeeded in creating a powerful, centralized identity that could withstand external cultural hegemonies and define the essence of Iranian statehood for centuries.
However, the study concludes that the very mechanism used to ensure stability—the fusion of political power with religious dogma—ultimately became a source of systemic fragility. The inability to separate essential civil governance from rigid theological enforcement, coupled with the overwhelming influence of the religious elite, created internal fissures. Therefore, while the Sassanid religious state was a masterclass in identity preservation, it also serves as a historical cautionary tale regarding the dangers of ideological absolutism and the loss of administrative flexibility in the face of evolving geopolitical realities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Religious Government
• Ancient Ira Fareh Izadi
• Ideal King
• Iran-shahri Thought
• Sasanian Government