نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار روابط بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
نیروهای نظامی آمریکا در 20 مارس 2003 به عراق حمله کردند. به دنبال این حمله به حاکمیت حزب بعث پایان داده شد. آمریکاییها تمایل داشتند تا عراق جدید را به عنوان الگویی سرمشق برای کشورهای منطقه غرب آسیا مطرح کنند. اما حوادث پس از اشغال بهگونهای پیش رفت که نه تنها این الگو محقق نشد؛ بلکه در مواردی از دولت حاکم بر عراق به عنوان دولت شکننده یاد شد. لذا هدف اصلی این پژوهش مطالعه عوامل تأثیرگذار در ایجاد دولت شکننده در عراق با مراجعه به دادههای کتابخانهای و اینترنتی و بهکارگیری روش توصیفی-تحلیلی است. در این راستا سعی شده است به این سؤال اصلی با استفاده از مؤلفههای ثبات سیاسی و امنیت پایدار پاسخ داده شود که: «چه عواملی موجب بیثباتسازی سیاسی و امنیتی عراق از زمان اشغال تا سال 2023 شده است؟» یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که حضور گروههای تروریستی، بیثباتی سیاسی، وجود تمایلات تجزیهطلبانه، عدم توان در اعمال حاکمیت در تمام قلمرو سرزمینی، کاهش اعتماد ملت به دولت، گسترش فساد میان مقامات حکومتی یا بستگان آنها، عدم توانایی دولتمردان در تأمین نیازهای اساسی بهویژه امنیت، مهاجرتهای داخلی و خارجی مردم، حکومتداری و مدیریت ضعیف، عدم واکنش مناسب به ورود همسایگان به خاک عراق و حضور برخی گروههای تروریستی (مانند حزب کومله و دموکرات) در مناطق سرزمینی عراق با هدف ناامنی یا تجزیه همسایگان و عدم توان دولت مرکزی در کنترل و بیرون راندن آنها، عوامل اصلی بیثباتی سیاسی-امنیتی در عراق هستند. نتیجهای که میتوان از تطبیق و تحلیل این عوامل با شرایط کنونی کشور عراق گرفت، این است که تجمیع این عوامل موجب شده با دولتی شکننده در عراق پس از صدام مواجه باشیم.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Unstable security and fragility of the government in Iraq (2003-2023)
نویسندگان [English]
- Majid Abbasi 1
- Tirdad Taghipoor Javi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD Student, Department of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
US military forces invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003. Following this attack, the rule of the Baath Party was ended. The Americans wanted to present the new Iraq as a role model for the countries of the West Asian region. But the events after the occupation progressed in such a way that not only this model was not realized, but in some cases the government ruling Iraq was referred to as a fragile government. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to study the influencing factors in creating a fragile state in Iraq. In this regard, it has been tried to answer this main question by using the components of political stability and sustainable security: "What factors have caused the political and security destabilization of Iraq since the occupation until 2023?" The findings of the research indicate that the presence of terrorist groups, political instability, the existence of separatist tendencies, the inability to exercise sovereignty in the entire territory, the reduction of the nation's trust in the government, the spread of corruption among government officials or their relatives, the inability of statesmen to Providing basic needs, especially security, internal and external migration of people, weak governance and management, lack of proper response to the entry of neighbors into Iraqi territory and the presence of some terrorist groups (such as Komleh and Democratic Party) in Iraqi territorial areas with the aim of insecurity or division The neighbors and the central government's inability to control and drive them out have caused us to face a fragile government in post-Saddam Iraq.
Government, as one of the most central concepts in the field of social sciences and especially political sciences, has been faced with various developmental and evolutionary periods. This problem itself has opened the chapter of theorizing about the types of government. In general, the phenomenon of the state is one of the oldest and oldest man-made institutions, and many ideas have been raised about what and how it is. Although the ideas about this institution from the ancient period to the Westphalian period, which led to the emergence of a new and extraordinary type of it, have led to the emergence of numerous ideas and thoughts around it, which can be from Plato to Hobbes, Machiavel And others followed it. The emergence of the concept of fragile state (and its derivatives) as a new type of state among other current types of state has attracted new discussions; including what it is, how this type of government is formed, and the consequences of the emergence of this government. Most of the studies in this field have discussed the nature and nature of this type of government, and in some cases that have looked at its consequences, they have mainly focused on its internal consequences, and some have also discussed its regional consequences.
Especially after September 11, 2001, the concept of fragile states has become one of the important concepts of international politics. This phenomenon is one of the characteristics of some countries in the Middle East. Fragile states have components such as foreign military intervention, harsh and harsh power transfer, legitimacy crisis, environmental problems, inefficiency of the judicial and economic system, and the spread of terrorism. With the fall of Saddam Hussein and the change of government in Iraq, the process of bargaining to shape the new Iraq has been the most important issue after 2003. After more than two decades of internal and external conflicts, this process has led Iraq to the point where it is now in the list of fragile states. Political instability, the failure to meet the demands of various currents and factions, the inability of the new government to form democratic institutions, the inability to provide public services and the inability to protect the people from internal and external threats, are among the characteristics of a fragile government. are considered Iraq. The fragility of the government in Iraq has caused regional and international interference, the formation of religious extremist currents, the intensification of ethnic and religious conflicts, terrorist acts and environmental crises, all of which are different forms of security. has threatened a human being in this country and nearby neighbors.
After the events of 2003, the Iraqi government was placed in the group of fragile governments and during these years, it has always been evaluated at an unfavorable level of stability. Based on this, this research tries to open a new chapter in how and the consequences of the fragile state as a result of the politics of the great powers. Therefore, the main question of the research is that what factors and components have caused the political and security destabilization of Iraq? And in order to respond to that, the components of political stability and sustainable security in the Iraqi society have been investigated.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Fragile state
- political stability
- stable security
- security crisis
- Iraq
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