نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

2 کارشناسی ارشد روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه مسائل بحث‌برانگیزی مانند بی‏عدالتی و فقر درون دولت‌های ملی، انسان‌ها را در جهان نسبت به آسیب‌پذیری‌های مشترک آگاه می‌کند. از نتایج تحلیلی رشد روزافزون مشکلات، ناتوانی دولت‌های ملی در فراهم‏آوردن حکمرانی مطلوب در سطح ملی و بین‌المللی علی‌رغم تلاش‌های صورت‌گرفته با ایجاد سازمان‌ها و نهادهای بین‌المللی است. از آنجا که بشر در طول تاریخ همواره درپی ایجاد وضعیتی بهتر برای خود بوده، ضرورت حل‌ مسائل بنیادین، پاسخ به این پرسش را ضروری می‏سازد که کدام سازوکار سیاسی، توانایی رفع بحران‌های جهانی و ایجاد وضعیت مطلوب زیست بشری را دارد. یکی از پاسخ‌ها، ایجاد سازوکارهایی نهادی ـ سیاسی است که در آن دولت‌ها بتوانند با هدف کمک به بهبود زیست بشر، با ایده جهان‌شمول در جهان همراه شوند. طرح ایده دولت جهانی همواره به‌عنوان پاسخی نظری به بحران‌های فراملی و ناتوانی دولت‌های ملی در تأمین خیرهای عمومی جهانی مطرح شده است؛ با این حال، مشروعیت هنجاری و امکان‌پذیری نظری این ایده همچنان محل مناقشه است. مسئله اصلی این مقاله آن است که آیا نظریه‌های دولت جهانی، بر اساس معیارهای پذیرفته‌شده در ادبیات عدالت جهانی، از انسجام هنجاری و کارکردی لازم برخوردارند یا خیر. پرسش ما در این پژوهش این است که بر اساس چه معیارهای نظریِ عدالت جهانی می‌توان ادعا کرد که ایده دولت جهانی فاقد انسجام هنجاری و کارکردی است؟این پژوهش در پارادایم تفسیری_انتقادی با ماهیتی بنیادین انجام شده و روش تحقیق پژوهشگران، روش تحلیل مفهومی در جهت بررسی دقیق و موشکافانه نقد فلسفی، نظری و مفهومی ایده دولت جهانی و عدالت جهانی در آثار اندیشمندان فلسفی و نظری این ایده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که نظریه‌های دولت جهانی، علی‌رغم ادعای جهان‌شمولی هنجاری، در مواجهه با الزامات عدالت جهانی- به‌ویژه در زمینه تکثر فرهنگی، خودمختاری سیاسی، سازوکارهای پاسخ‌گویی و عدالت توزیعی - با ناسازگاری‌های نظری و ضعف‌های ساختاری روبه‌رو هستند. این ناسازگاری‌ها موجب می‌شود که دولت جهانی، نه‌تنها به‌عنوان راه‌حلی عادلانه برای نظم جهانی قابل دفاع نباشد، بلکه بالقوه به بازتولید تمرکز قدرت و نابرابری‌های جدید نیز بینجامد. نتیجه‌گیری مقاله نشان می‌دهد که به‌جای دولت جهانی به‌مثابه ساختاری متمرکز و یکپارچه، الگوهای حکمرانی جهانی چندلایه و مبتنی بر چندجانبه‌گرایی، در چارچوب معیارهای عدالت جهانی، از قابلیت دفاع نظری و هنجاری بیشتری برخوردارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Critique of the Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Foundations of the Idea of World State Based on Global Justice

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Esmaeili Ardakani 1
  • Mahsa Dini 2

1 Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran.

2 M.A, Department of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Contemporary global challenges such as injustice and poverty within nation-states have increasingly drawn attention to shared human vulnerabilities across the world. One of the analytical consequences of the growing scale and complexity of these problems is the evident incapacity of nation-states to provide effective governance at both national and international levels, despite sustained efforts to establish international organizations and institutions. Given humanity’s enduring pursuit of improved conditions of collective life, addressing these fundamental challenges raises a critical question: which political arrangements are capable of responding to global crises and fostering a desirable condition of human coexistence? One proposed response has been the development of institutional–political mechanisms grounded in universalist principles, among which the idea of a world state occupies a prominent position.
The idea of a world state has long been advanced as a theoretical response to transnational crises and the inability of nation-states to supply global public goods. Nevertheless, its normative legitimacy and theoretical feasibility remain deeply contested. The central problem addressed in this article is whether theories of the world state possess sufficient normative and functional coherence when evaluated against established criteria in the literature on global justice. Accordingly, the main research question asks: on the basis of which theoretical criteria of global justice can it be argued that the idea of a world state lacks normative and functional coherence?
Literature Review
Extant literature reveals that the critique of the world State Concept operates predominantly at three levels: philosophical, conceptual, and theoretical. Philosophically, critiques concentrate on the moral feasibility and normative legitimacy of such a global entity; notably, even scholars who viewed it as a vehicle for perpetual peace cautioned against its despotic or authoritarian risks. Conceptually, the core challenge entails reconciling a world State with the preservation of diverse national and cultural identities—an obstacle that theorists argue severely constrains the development of a shared global identity. Theoretically, the contestation among Realists, Liberals, and Constructivists underscores that even advocates of international institutions acknowledge the structural and institutional impediments to realizing a world State.
Methodology
This study is conducted within an interpretive–critical paradigm and adopts a fundamental research orientation. Methodologically, it employs conceptual analysis and normative evaluation to examine philosophical, theoretical, and conceptual critiques of the world state and global justice as articulated by key thinkers in this field. The research is based on systematic engagement with library and scholarly sources.
Results
Evaluating the idea of a world state is essential for assessing its feasibility and ensuring the realization of justice. This entails that any examination of the concept must address fundamental moral, social, and political questions, thereby guaranteeing that the idea, in practice, fosters equality and eradicates global injustices among humanity. In fact, while a world state may be structurally viable—through the establishment of supranational institutions and integrated governance systems—this viability does not equate to its justness or desirability. Under this argument, any governance framework devoid of popular acceptance and ethical standards is destined to fail; hence, a world state maintains legitimacy only if global citizens perceive that their interests and rights are protected. Therefore, if the concept of a world state is pursued without due consideration of justice, it will encounter popular resistance, non-recognition, and both agency-based and structural defiance, akin to the historical collapse of unjust political unions. In essence, justice is what confers legitimacy upon the idea of a world state.
Simultaneously evaluating the feasibility of a world state and its capacity to ensure justice is crucial, as an unjust global system, even if realized, would lack stability and sustainability. Conversely, if a just system proves unfeasible, it remains merely a theoretical abstraction. The ultimate objective of proposing a world state should therefore be to strike a balance between political realism and moral ideals, preventing both the collapse of this global system and its degeneration into an instrument of domination among states. Nevertheless, implementing global justice confronts profound practical and ethical challenges. These challenges stem from cultural, political, economic, and historical divergences among diverse societies, as well as the inherently complex and multifaceted nature of the concept of justice itself.
Discussion
The findings indicate that, despite claims to normative universalism, theories of the world state encounter significant theoretical inconsistencies and structural deficiencies when confronted with the requirements of global justice—particularly with respect to cultural pluralism, political autonomy, mechanisms of accountability, and distributive justice. These inconsistencies render the world state not only difficult to defend as a just solution to global order, but also potentially conducive to new forms of power concentration and inequality. The article concludes that, rather than a centralized and unified world state, multilayered models of global governance grounded in multilateralism offer greater normative and theoretical defensibility within the framework of global justice.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Alternative Political Thought
  • Cosmopolitanism
  • Global Justice
  • National State
  • Universalism
  • World State
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Jaspers, K. (1994). The origin and goal of history (M. H. Lotfi, Trans.). Tehran: Kharazmi Publishing. [In Persian]
Jaspers, K. (2021). An introduction to Kant's perpetual peace (M. Khalaji, Trans.). Tehran: Taslimi Foundation Publishing. [In Persian]
Locke, J. (2015). A treatise of government (H. Azodanloo, Trans.). Tehran: Ney Publishing. [In Persian]
Morgenthau, H. J. (2018). Politics among nations (H. Moshirzadeh, Trans.). Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publishing. [In Persian]
Carr, E. H. (2021). The twenty years' crisis, 1919-1939: An introduction to the study of international relations (V. Bozorgi, Trans.). Tehran: Qoms Publishing. [In Persian]
Wendt, A. (2005). Social theory of international politics (H. Moshirzadeh, Trans.). Tehran: Institute for Political and International Studies. [In Persian]
Wendt, A. (2021). Why a world state is inevitable? (H. Salimi, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi Publishing. [In Persian]