نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• عباس سروستانی ¹
• محمدرضا محمدی ²

¹ دانش آموخته دکتری مطالعات منطقه ای، دانشکده حقوق، علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

² دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق،الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آژاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

امروزه بحران ها و مسائل محیط زیستی تهدیدات اولیه و ثانویه بی سابقه ای را علیه بشر رقم زده است و مسائل محیط زیستی را در متن سیاست جهانی قرار داده است. تأثیر مخرب و ویران کننده تهدیدات زیست محیطی بر سلامت، اقتصاد، امنیت و ژئوپلتیک جهانی، تشدید بیکاری و افزایش نابرابری های اقتصادی و چالش های ناشی از آنها در سیاست داخلی کشورها نظیر افزایش پوپولیسم، به قدرت رسیدن حکومت های اقتدارگرا، تحت الشعاع قرار گرفتن تجارت آزاد، افزایش نزاع ها و درگیری های منطقه ای، افزایش مهاجرت اجباری، افزایش خشونت ها، جرایم سازمان و خطر تروریسم و بنیادگرایی، درک سنتی از مفاهیم صلح و امنیت را که بسیار نظامی، بازدارنده، محدود و با حاصل جمع جبری صفر بود را دستخوش تحول ساخت و مفهوم جدید و فراگیری از امنیت را به وجود آورد که نه تنها تمامی مؤلفه های نظامی و سیاسی بلکه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی را در برمیگرد. این مفهوم جامع و فراگیر امنیت با توجه به فقدان یک نهاد و قدرت سیاسی فراگیر بین المللی برای حل این مسائل و ناتوانی دولت های ملی در پاسخ به این چالش ها و تهدیدات، وظیفه تأمین امنیت را به یک شبکه گسترده حکمرانی فراملی، چندجانبه و چند سطحی جهانی سوق داده است. مقاله پیش رو ضمن تبیین معنا و مفهوم امنیت زیست محیطی، به مفهوم پردازی حکمرانی جهانی در این حوزه و همچنین جایگاه و نقش دولت ها در این پدیده نوین سیاست جهانی و روابط بین الملل می پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مسائل زیست محیطی
• تهدیدات فراملی
• امنیت زیست محیطی
• حکمرانی جهانی محیط زیست
• ‌دولتهای ملی

موضوعات

• توسعه و امنیت

عنوان مقاله [English]

environmental security; The perspective of the place and role of governments in global governance

نویسندگان [English]

• Abbas sarvestani ¹
• محمدرضا محمدی ²

¹ Graduated with a PhD in Regional Studies, Faculty of Law, Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² Doctoral student of International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Today, crises and environmental issues have created unprecedented primary and secondary threats to humanity. The destructive impact of environmental threats on global health, economy, security and geopolitics, rising unemployment and rising economic inequalities and the challenges they face in domestic politics such as increasing populism,increasing regional conflicts, increasing forced migration,violence, organized crime, and the threat of terrorism have changed the traditional understanding of the concepts of security were very military, deterrent, limited and with zero algebraic sum and created a new and pervasive concept of security that encompasses all military, political, economic, social and environmental components.
This comprehensive concept of security has shifted the task of providing security to a vast network of global governance, given the lack of a comprehensive international political institution and power to address these issues and the inability of national states to respond to these challenges and threats, It has delegated the task of providing security to an extensive network of global governance. This paper, while explaining the meaning and concept of environmental security, deals with the conceptualization of global governance in the field of environment and also the position and role of national states in this new phenomenon of global politics and international relations.
Keywords: environmental issues, transnational threats, environmental security, global environmental governance, national states

Today, environmental crises and issues have created unprecedented primary and secondary threats against humanity and have placed environmental issues and saving the biosphere in the context of global politics. Weather and climatic changes and their consequences, i.e. floods and droughts that threaten the survival of millions of people, animals and plants, problems of climate pollution and the increase in deaths caused by it, the increase in pollution of the seas and oceans. and the change of marine ecosystems due to the spilling of pollutants, sewage and fuel leaks, the excessive use of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases, soil erosion and the destruction of ecosystems, deforestation and desertification, the loss of biodiversity, Destruction of natural habitats, illegal hunting and its consequences, such as the spread of common pandemic diseases between humans and animals, are only a small part of the environmental crises that humans face in the 20th century. The growing trend of environmental threats and their destructive and destructive effect on health, economy, security and global geopolitics, the aggravation of unemployment and the increase of economic inequalities and the challenges caused by them in the internal politics of countries such as the increase of populism, the coming to power of governments Right-wing and authoritarian, the overshadowing of free trade, the increase of regional disputes and conflicts over water and energy resources, the increase of forced migration, the formation of the crisis of immigrants and refugees and the risk of them becoming scapegoats, the increase of violence, Organized crimes and the danger of terrorism and fundamentalism, which are both the result of environmental crises and the cause of many of these crises, have transformed the traditional understanding of the concepts of peace and security, which was very military, deterrent, limited and with zero algebraic sum. We are witnessing the formation of a new and comprehensive concept of security, which includes not only all military and political components, but also economic, social and environmental ones. This comprehensive concept of security, due to the inability of national governments to deal with new threats and ensure the security of their citizens, has pushed the task of providing security to a wide network of transnational, multilateral and multi-level global governance. In this article, while explaining the meaning and concept of global governance, we try to conceptualize this new phenomenon of global politics and international relations in the field of environment, the process of formation, structure and actors of global environmental governance, as well as the role of national governments in Let's pay attention to this area. The main question of this research is that the growth and expansion of transboundary environmental threats has caused a change in the position and role of national governments in global politics? The hypothesis that is put to the test to answer this question is that the growth and spread of non-conventional and cross-border threats challenged the idea of ​​independent national states and helped to develop the concept of the post-Westphalian centric international system. The findings of the research show that global governance has created a mechanism for the arbitrary allocation of values ​​alongside national governments, whose authority is divided both horizontally and among different actors and vertically at different supranational, national, and subnational levels. are The method of collecting information is library. The organization of the research is also such that first the importance of environmental issues in international relations and the movement of the international system towards an environment-oriented and centric international order will be discussed. Then, the nature, components, structure, players of global environmental governance and the evaluation of the role of national governments in this new phenomenon of global politics will be examined.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Environmental issues
• transnational threats
• environmental security
• global environmental governance
• national governments