نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد علوم‌سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

2 دکتری علوم سیاسی (گرایش جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی) دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

مطالعه نسبت میان بوروکراسی و توسعه به مفهوم عام و میان بوروکراسی و توسعه سیاسی به مفهوم خاص، یکی از موضوعات حائز اهمیت و مورد توجه در رشته­های علوم انسانی، از جمله در رشته علوم سیاسی و جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی بوده است. جامعه مورد بررسی پژوهش حاضر که با استفاده از روش فراترکیب صورت پذیرفته است، 37 مقاله برگزیده از پژوهشگرانی است که در فاصله سال­های 1390 تا 1401 در پورتال جامع علوم انسانی، مرکز اطلاعات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی (سید)، مجلات تخصصی نور (نورمگز) انتشار یافته است. در همین راستا این تحقیق بر آن است تا ببیند که محیط بوروکراسی در ایران از چشم‌­انداز توسعه‌ سیاسی با چه آسیب­هایی مواجه است؟. برای پاسخگویی به این پرسش از روش فراترکیب استفاده‌شده و یافته­های به دست آمده نشان داد که پژوهشگران در ایران، عمدتاً وضعیت محیط سیاسی بوروکراسی ایرانی را نامناسب ارزیابی کرده‌­اند و به طور پیوسته نقدهایی را بر آن وارد دانسته‌­اند. یافته‌­های پژوهش پس از کدگذاری اولیه و سپس ترکیب مفاهیم نشان­‌دهنده این امر است که آسیب­های محیط بوروکراسی در ایران از منظر توسعه سیاسی عبارت‌اند از: «اقتدارگرایی تاریخی، بوروکراسی ناکارآمد، ضعف حاکمیت قانون، دولت رانتیر، سیاست زدگی دستگاه اداری و نهادسازی ناقص و دولت ضد توسعه».

 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Pathology of the Bureaucratic Environment in Iran from the Perspective of Political Development: A Meta-Synthesis Analysis

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Bagher Khorramshad 1
  • Tahereh Karamzadeh 2

1 Professor, Department of Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD, Department of Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
A main requirement for the advancement of a society is the existence of dynamic and high-quality institutions and organizations. Such institutions can promote a sociopolitical system through their performance and minimize damages and shocks during any probable developments, challenges, or crises based on their strengths and consistency. On the other hand, societies removed from the indicators of political development struggle with challenges like institutional inefficiency. A major sector of each society that acts as a criterion for the assessment of political development indicators is its bureaucracy. Bureaucracy, through its efficient performance, can contribute to the improvement of political development indicators, while its inefficiency can pose challenges to political development.
Previous studies on bureaucracy in Iran have been heavily influenced by managerial and economic perspectives, and have rarely addressed the issue from the standpoint of social sciences and political development. therefore, approaches to the study of bureaucracy in Iran, from the perspective of political science, have been overlooked, or more precisely, have not received adequate attention. Therefore, given the existing literature, this study seeks to analyze the bureaucratic environment in Iran from the perspective of political development using the meta-synthesis method.
 In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the issues facing Iran’s bureaucratic environment from a political development perspective according to the views offered by a group of experts. After the initial coding and the synthesis of the concepts were carried out, the findings indicated that the issues of the bureaucratic system could be categorized into the concepts of historical authoritarianism, inefficient bureaucracy, the weak rule of law, rentier state, the over-politicization of the administrative system, defective institutionalization, and anti-development state.
Methodology
The present study utilized the seven-stage method of Sandelowski and Barroso to synthesize the data. The seven-stage method includes the following stages:

Formulate the research questions, 2. Conduct a systematic review of the related literature, 3. Search and select suitable texts, 4. Extract information from the texts, 5. Analyze and synthesize the findings of the texts, 6. Conduct a quality control procedure, and 7. Report the findings (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003, p. 121).

Based on the research question mentioned in the introduction section, a set of keywords, including political development, bureaucratic environment, administrative system, and the relationship between bureaucracy and development, was implemented to detect the relevant studies in the Ensani portal, the Scientific Information Database (SID), and Noor Specialized Magazines (Noormags). This process led to the identification of 658 articles, out of which 129 articles matched the topic of the study in terms of their titles, abstracts, and methodologies. However, 59studies were eliminated as they did not match the investigated period. Then, the abstracts were screened according to environmental pathology and the relationship between bureaucracy and political development, and, ultimately, 37 relevant articles were evaluated as suitable based on the relevance of their topics, the number of downloads, and their citations.
Results and Discussion
The themes and concepts resulting from the existing analyses on the pathology of the environmental status of Iran’s bureaucracy were extracted and specified as the main codes after reviewing the selected articles in a meticulous manner. Altogether, 206 codes were extracted using the open coding technique by analyzing the concepts within the selected 37 articles. Generally speaking, codes like the authoritarian historical and political structure, the transformation of a state into a rentier one, the over-politicization of the administrative system, and the inefficiency of the bureaucratic system were more prevalent than others in the investigated articles. Thus, the concepts deduced from the selected 37 articles were considered the codes of the study. The findings of the study obtained through the process of the conceptual classification of the codes showed seven general codes that could all be analyzed in relation to the central concept of political development. In other words, it was shown that the immaturity of Iran’s political development and the existence of a mixture of underdevelopment elements in the country influenced the bureaucratic structure and received mostly negative reviews from researchers in the field. To increase the reliability of the study, first, the researchers reviewed the process of the study based on the selected articles, and the performed coding was investigated once more. Then, two external reviewers were recruited to administer a secondary control over the stages of meta-synthesis, including access to accurate and expressive samples, coding, and the synthesis of the codes. Finally, a third expert was asked to control the extracted concepts so that the quality of the stages and data extraction could be confirmed.
Conclusion
At the political level, extensive political interventions in the administrative sphere and the imposition of extra-legal demands have prevented the administrative system from following its natural course and, as a result, it has become entangled in daily discussions and is no longer able to perform its regular and assigned tasks. On the other hand, the weakness of the rule of law, which has both historical reasons and is rooted in the wide-ranging political interventions in the bureaucracy, has led to the lack of a proper perspective on the state of the administrative system. In addition, inappropriate merit-based selection processes and ambiguity in promotion processes and weak training have created a form of inefficient bureaucracy that has been mentioned in all articles related to the phenomenon of bureaucracy in Iran without exception. The above factors all point to the need to redesign the bureaucracy based on the independence of the administrative system from political groups and to pay attention to educational and motivational mechanisms to attract and promote the most qualified individuals.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bureaucracy
  • Political development
  • Pathology
  • Meta-Synthesis
  • Iran
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- Sandelowski, m., Barroso, j. (2003), toward a Meta synthesis of qualitative finding on motherhood in HIV-positive women, Research in Nursing Health, 26(2), 153-170.
- Absalan, Iraj (2017), administrative corruption and its prevention, according to the law on promoting the health of the administrative system and dealing with corruption, Journal of Political Science, Law and Jurisprudence Studies, third volume, number 1/2, 130-140.
- Abedi Ardakani, Mohammad; Soltani, Luqman (2020), The relationship between the administrative system and political development in the Islamic Republic of Iran (using the theoretical model of Jaguraib), Journal of Politics, Volume 50, Number 2, 629-649.
-Abdi-Ardakani, Mohammad (2014), Political underdevelopment from the perspective of elite political culture in Iran, Political Science Quarterly, Year 9, Number 4, 133-170.
- Agha Mohammadi, Behrouz; Sediq, Mir Ibrahim; Shirzadi, Reza (2022), the role of political development on the efficiency of the comprehensive administrative system, human geography researches, volume 54, number 2, 617-631.
- Ahmadi, Hamid; Sattari, Sajjad (2013), Political Economy of Privatization Underdevelopment in Iran: Existing Approaches, New Approach, Politics Quarterly, Volume 43, Number 2, 68-49.
- Akhavan Kazemi, Massoud; Sadeghi, Seyed Shamsuddin; Niko Nihad; Ayoub (2018), researching the process of political development in contemporary Iran, Majles and Strategy Quarterly, Volume 25, Number 95, 209-246.
- Asadabadi, Taybeh (2021), Bureaucracy and ways to get out of the existing situation in the production system, Journal of Administrative Studies and Research, No. 9, 102-109.
- Ashtrian, Kyomarth; Country Dost Jobneh, Samaneh; Haji Ahmadi, Fatemeh (2014), investigation of the influence of political factors on the implementation of the fifth development plan, Political Science Journal, 9th year, number 4, 7-22.
-Azandriani, Ali-Akbar; Kahramanzadeh, Nimgezi (2016), investigation of bureaucratic authority control in the context of bureaucracy relations, politics and efficiency, Public Law Research Quarterly, Volume 17, Number 50, 9-34.
-Badi, Bertran (2014), political development, translated by Ahmad Naqeebzadeh, Tehran: Qoms.
-Baghkhani, Saeed; Kafashi, Majid; Fathi, Soroush; Navabakhsh, Mehrdad (2020), Rentierism and Political Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Social and Cultural Changes Quarterly, 17th year, No. 66, 22-36.
- Baghian, Morteza (2019), the country's administrative system, challenges and solutions for transformation, Chamber of Commerce magazine, number 122.
- Bastami, Massoud; Najaf Beigi, Reza; Fatemi, Adel (2019), the challenges of adapting the structure of the government organizations in the implementation of the comprehensive reform program of the administrative system in comparison of the current and desired situation, Public Policy Quarterly in Management, Volume 10, Number 33, 1-17.
- Dabiri-Mehr, Omid (2014), typology of political development studies from community-oriented theories to state-oriented theories, Strategy Quarterly, Volume 23, Number 70, 179-209.
- Danaei Fard, Hassan; Sadeghi, Mohammadreza; Mostafazadeh, Masoumeh (2015), Analyzing and analyzing the consequences of bureaucratic politicization in political systems, Strategic Management Thought Quarterly, 9th Volume, Number 2, 57-86.
-Danaei Fard, Hassan (2016), Bureaucracy and Development in Iran, Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Publications.
- Delavari, Reza (2012), pathology of the role and place of bureaucracy in the process of political development in Iran, doctoral thesis, Islamic Azad University, central Tehran branch.
- Delavari, Reza; Ebrahimi, Fatemeh (2016), The role of behavioral factors on the inefficiency of bureaucracy in Iran and its effect on political development using the structural equation model, Qom Province Research Journal, No. 10, 51-83.
Dost Mohammadi, Hossein; Abhithamiri, Reza (2019), political development; Legitimacy and efficiency crisis in Iran and good governance? Political Strategy Quarterly, third year, number 10, 91-123.
- Freund, Julien (2022), what is politics? Translated by Abdul Wahab Ahmadi, Tehran: Agah.
- Firouzinia, Akbar (2022), investigation of corruption and how to fight it in the process of the administrative system, Journal of Law Studies, New Period, No. 25, 99-112.
Ghaffari, Massoud; Turjan, Fariba (2015), State bureaucracy and the departure of some specialized forces from Iran: a comparative analysis, Daulat-Pazhuhi Journal, first year, number 2, 167-198.
- Gulmohammadi, Ahmed; religious, Faez; Kalate, Farzad (2022), political development and the institutionalization of political power: presenting a new model for measuring political development, Political Science Journal, 17th year, number 2, 163-206.
-Hakmi, Mohammad Amin; Amani, Mustafa (2017), non-governmental organizations are an extension of the danger of religious democracy against bureaucracy caused by tyranny, human rights and citizenship journal, second year, number 1, 61-86
- Kamali, Yahya (2017), metacomposite methodology and its application in policy-making, Politics Quarterly, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, Volume 47, Number 3, 721-736.
- Kamenka, Eugene (2021), Bureaucracy, translated by Khosrow Sabri, Tehran: Shirazeh Book.
- Kelij, Ali-Akbar; Haghighi, Ali-Mohammed (2019), The role of the political culture of executive elites with a development-oriented approach in the Islamic Republic of Iran, New Perspectives in Human Geography Quarterly, twelfth volume, number 1, 363-384.
-Khalfazadeh-Estamal, Ismail; Memarzadeh Tehran, Gholamreza; Bahloli Zeinab, Nader; Beyzadeh; Youssef (2021), the effect of administrative systems on the process of political development in Iran and some Asian countries: a comparative study, Quarterly Journal of Public Administration Studies in Iran, Volume 4, Number 2, 191-219.
- Khandozi, Seyyed Ehsan, Kaviani, Zahra (2016), the channels of bureaucracy's influence on the performance of Iran's economy, Majles and Strategy Quarterly, Volume 23, Number 87, 5-42.
-Khoeini, Ghafoor; Hossein Rahimi, Amin (2016), practical review of the implementation of the law on improving the health of the administrative system and combating corruption approved in 2015, Danesh Audit, year 16, number 62, 5-24.
-Lefort, Claude (2017), what is bureaucracy? Translated by Amin Judri and Amir Ahmadi-Arian, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing House.
-Lesnaf, Michael-Harry (2006), Political Philosophers of the 20th Century, translated by Khashayar Dehimi, Tehran: Ney Publishing.
- Massoud, Zahra; Mansourzadeh, Mohammad Baqer (2015), The role of the new middle class on the political development process of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Politics Quarterly, second year, number 7, 83-99.
- Mehrabi, Amirhamzeh (2016), measuring bureaucracy in the benchmark of Islamic teachings; Reviewing and criticizing the theoretical gap, Islamic Policy Research, 4th Volume, No. 10, 39-61.
- Mehrgan, Farhad; Faqihi, Abul Hassan; Mirspasi, Nasser (2020), a reflection on the interaction of bureaucracy and democracy, Public Administration Perspectives Quarterly, 11th period, number 1, 39-74.
Mirabbasi, Fatemeh; Sa'i, Ahmad (1400), State, oil and the fragility of bureaucracy in Iran (1357-1340), State Research Quarterly, 7th year, number 27, 189-221.
- Misai, oath; Religious, Faez; Pour-Abbas, Taqi (2019), Investigating the place of political development in the development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Strategic Policy Research Quarterly, 7th Volume, No. 28, 155-184.
- Mohammadi, Hamed; Alwani, Mohammadi; Seyyed Mehdi; Memarzadeh Tehran, Gholamreza; Hamidi, Nasser (2018), Explanation and evaluation of the components affecting the political dimension of Iran's administrative system, Perspectives of Public Administration, Volume 3, Issue 32.
-Mahmoudian, Hossein(2020), strong state and amimistrive arrangments in periphral ocities, Public Management Perspective Quarterly, 11 the period, number 50, 45-76.
- Molvi, Zainab; Reza, Tahmasabi; one's knowledge; Hamidzadeh, Ali (2017), Bureaucracy-phobia: citizens' dual view of public services, Public Administration Quarterly, Volume 9, Number 2, 213-234.
- Mostafavi, Seyyed Youssef (2022), components of meritocracy and democracy in the administrative system, new researches in management and accounting, new period, number 55, 145-162.
Mothaghi, Ahmad (2015), State Affairs Department or Development Affairs Department?, Public Policy Quarterly, First Volume, Number 1, 77-88.
- Moulai Qar, Mehdi; Razanhan, Firoz; Zahedi, Seyyed Mohammad; Saeed Moeed Far (2020), Assessing Iran's Administrative Culture: With an Institutional Approach, Journal of Management and Development Process, Volume 33, Number 1, 81-103.
- Mozlis, Nikos (2011), Organization and Bureaucracy, translated by Hassan Mirzaei and Ahmad Tadini, Tehran: Tehran University Press.
-Mubaraki, Mohammad; Alinejad, Manouchehr; Moradi Kamali; Zahra (2019), comparative-quantitative study of the relationship between bureaucracy and industrial development (an institutional approach), Journal of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Volume 16, Number 1, 259-287.
-Qasemi, Ruhollah; Shalchi, Vahid (2018), a comparative study of the effect of increasing oil revenues on government policies in the bureaucracy: two periods 1352-1356 and 1384-1389, Sociology Quarterly of Social Institutions, 5th period, number 11, 203-233.
-Qavam, Abdul Ali (2009), Politics, Tehran: Samt Publications.
- Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza; Danaei Fard, Hassan; Mostafazadeh, Masoumeh (2017), Understanding the Politicization of Bureaucracy: A Comparative Study of Quality, Processes and Its Consequences in Public Administration, Strategic Policy Research Quarterly, 6th Volume, Number 22, 98-115.
- Safarian, Ruhollah; Shahram Nia, Amir Massoud; Massoudnia, Hossein; Makki, Parisa (2017), the structure of the administrative system and the process of political development during the reform period (the seventh and eighth governments), Political and International Approaches Quarterly, ninth year, number 1, 121-146.
- Shahnooshi, Mojtabi; Jahan Tab, Mohammad Ali; Navidi, Hossein (2018), Challenges of Institutionalization of Bureaucratic Culture in Iran's Administrative System, Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences of Iran, No. 13, 98-89.
- Vaezi, Reza (2021), Criticism of public administration and development management in Iran, Governance and Development Quarterly, Volume 1, Number 1, 31-43
- Weber, Max (2010), Economy and Society, translated by the translators group, Tehran: Samt Publications.
-Zakari, Mohammad; Asadi, Ismail; Hadi, Lotfi (2011), explaining the pattern of accountability and monitoring of the administrative system in the Alavi government from the perspective of the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy, Resalat State Management Quarterly, second period, number 4, 1-18.
 
Translated References into English
Absalan, Iraj (2017), administrative corruption and its prevention, according to the law on promoting the health of the administrative system and dealing with corruption, Journal of Political Science, Law and Jurisprudence Studies, third volume, number 1/2, 130-140.[In Persian]
- Abedi Ardakani, Mohammad; Soltani, Luqman (2020), The relationship between the administrative system and political development in the Islamic Republic of Iran (using the theoretical model of Jaguraib), Journal of Politics, Volume 50, Number 2, 629-649. [In Persian]
-Abdi-Ardakani, Mohammad (2014), Political underdevelopment from the perspective of elite political culture in Iran, Political Science Quarterly, Year 9, Number 4, 133-170. [In Persian]
- Agha Mohammadi, Behrouz; Sediq, Mir Ibrahim; Shirzadi, Reza (2022), the role of political development on the efficiency of the comprehensive administrative system, human geography researches, volume 54, number 2, 617-631. [In Persian]
- Ahmadi, Hamid; Sattari, Sajjad (2013), Political Economy of Privatization Underdevelopment in Iran: Existing Approaches, New Approach, Politics Quarterly, Volume 43, Number 2, 68-49. [In Persian]
- Akhavan Kazemi, Massoud; Sadeghi, Seyed Shamsuddin; Niko Nihad; Ayoub (2018), researching the process of political development in contemporary Iran, Majles and Strategy Quarterly, Volume 25, Number 95, 209-246. [In Persian]
- Asadabadi, Taybeh (2021), Bureaucracy and ways to get out of the existing situation in the production system, Journal of Administrative Studies and Research, No. 9, 102-109. [In Persian]
- Ashtrian, Kyomarth; Country Dost Jobneh, Samaneh; Haji Ahmadi, Fatemeh (2014), investigation of the influence of political factors on the implementation of the fifth development plan, Political Science Journal, 9th year, number 4, 7-22. [In Persian]
-Azandriani, Ali-Akbar; Kahramanzadeh, Nimgezi (2016), investigation of bureaucratic authority control in the context of bureaucracy relations, politics and efficiency, Public Law Research Quarterly, Volume 17, Number 50, 9-34. [In Persian]
-Badi, Bertran (2014), political development, translated by Ahmad Naqeebzadeh, Tehran: Qoms. [In Persian]
-Baghkhani, Saeed; Kafashi, Majid; Fathi, Soroush; Navabakhsh, Mehrdad (2020), Rentierism and Political Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Social and Cultural Changes Quarterly, 17th year, No. 66, 22-36. [In Persian]
- Baghian, Morteza (2019), the country's administrative system, challenges and solutions for transformation, Chamber of Commerce magazine, number 122. [In Persian]
- Bastami, Massoud; Najaf Beigi, Reza; Fatemi, Adel (2019), the challenges of adapting the structure of the government organizations in the implementation of the comprehensive reform program of the administrative system in comparison of the current and desired situation, Public Policy Quarterly in Management, Volume 10, Number 33, 1-17. [In Persian]
- Dabiri-Mehr, Omid (2014), typology of political development studies from community-oriented theories to state-oriented theories, Strategy Quarterly, Volume 23, Number 70, 179-209. [In Persian]
- Danaei Fard, Hassan; Sadeghi, Mohammadreza; Mostafazadeh, Masoumeh (2015), Analyzing and analyzing the consequences of bureaucratic politicization in political systems, Strategic Management Thought Quarterly, 9th Volume, Number 2, 57-86. [In Persian]
-Danaei Fard, Hassan (2016), Bureaucracy and Development in Iran, Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Publications. [In Persian]
- Delavari, Reza (2012), pathology of the role and place of bureaucracy in the process of political development in Iran, doctoral thesis, Islamic Azad University, central Tehran branch. [In Persian]
- Delavari, Reza; Ebrahimi, Fatemeh (2016), The role of behavioral factors on the inefficiency of bureaucracy in Iran and its effect on political development using the structural equation model, Qom Province Research Journal, No. 10, 51-83. [In Persian]
Dost Mohammadi, Hossein; Abhithamiri, Reza (2019), political development; Legitimacy and efficiency crisis in Iran and good governance? Political Strategy Quarterly, third year, number 10, 91-123. [In Persian]
- Freund, Julien (2022), What is politics? translated by Abdul Wahab Ahmadi, Tehran: Agah. [In Persian]
- Firouzinia, Akbar (2022), investigation of corruption and how to fight it in the process of the administrative system, Journal of Law Studies, New Period, No. 25, 99-112. [In Persian]
Ghaffari, Massoud; Turjan, Fariba (2015), State bureaucracy and the departure of some specialized forces from Iran: a comparative analysis, Daulat-Pazhuhi Journal, first year, number 2, 167-198. [In Persian]
- Gulmohammadi, Ahmed; religious, Faez; Kalate, Farzad (2022), political development and the institutionalization of political power: presenting a new model for measuring political development, Political Science Journal, 17th year, number 2, 163-206. [In Persian]
-Hakmi, Mohammad Amin; Amani, Mustafa (2017), non-governmental organizations are an extension of the danger of religious democracy against bureaucracy caused by tyranny, human rights and citizenship journal, second year, number 1, 61-86. [In Persian]
- Kamali, Yahya (2017), metacomposite methodology and its application in policy-making, Politics Quarterly, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, Volume 47, Number 3, 721-736. [In Persian]
- Kamenka, Eugene (2021), Bureaucracy, translated by Khosrow Sabri, Tehran: Shirazeh Book. [In Persian]
- Kelij, Ali-Akbar; Haghighi, Ali-Mohammed (2019), The role of the political culture of executive elites with a development-oriented approach in the Islamic Republic of Iran, New Perspectives in Human Geography Quarterly, twelfth volume, number 1, 363-384. [In Persian]
-Khalfazadeh-Estamal, Ismail; Memarzadeh Tehran, Gholamreza; Bahloli Zeinab, Nader; Beyzadeh; Youssef (2021), the effect of administrative systems on the process of political development in Iran and some Asian countries: a comparative study, Quarterly Journal of Public Administration Studies in Iran, Volume 4, Number 2, 191-219. [In Persian]
- Khandozi, Seyyed Ehsan, Kaviani, Zahra (2016), the channels of bureaucracy's influence on the performance of Iran's economy, Majles and Strategy Quarterly, Volume 23, Number 87, 5-42. [In Persian]
-Khoeini, Ghafoor; Hossein Rahimi, Amin (2016), practical review of the implementation of the law on improving the health of the administrative system and combating corruption approved in 2015, Danesh Audit, year 16, number 62, 5-24. [In Persian]
-Lefort, Claude (2017), What is bureaucracy? translated by Amin Judri and Amir Ahmadi-Arian, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing House. [In Persian]
-Lesnaf, Michael-Harry (2006), Political Philosophers of the 20th Century, translated by Khashayar Dehimi, Tehran: Ney Publishing. [In Persian]
- Massoud, Zahra; Mansourzadeh, Mohammad Baqer (2015), The role of the new middle class on the political development process of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Politics Quarterly, second year, number 7, 83-99. [In Persian]
- Mehrabi, Amirhamzeh (2016), measuring bureaucracy in the benchmark of Islamic teachings; Reviewing and criticizing the theoretical gap, Islamic Policy Research, 4th Volume, No. 10, 39-61. [In Persian]
- Mehrgan, Farhad; Faqihi, Abul Hassan; Mirspasi, Nasser (2020), a reflection on the interaction of bureaucracy and democracy, Public Administration Perspectives Quarterly, 11th period, number 1, 39-74. [In Persian]
Mirabbasi, Fatemeh; Sa'i, Ahmad (1400), State, oil and the fragility of bureaucracy in Iran (1357-1340), State Research Quarterly, 7th year, number 27, 189-221. [In Persian]
- Misai, oath; Religious, Faez; Pour-Abbas, Taqi (2019), Investigating the place of political development in the development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Strategic Policy Research Quarterly, 7th Volume, No. 28, 155-184. [In Persian]
- Mohammadi, Hamed; Alwani, Mohammadi; Seyyed Mehdi; Memarzadeh Tehran, Gholamreza; Hamidi, Nasser (2018), "Explanation and evaluation of the components affecting the political dimension of Iran's administrative system", Perspectives of Public Administration, Volume 3, Issue 32. [In Persian]
-Mahmoudian, Hossein (2020), strong state and amimistrive arrangments in periphral ocities, Public Management Perspective Quarterly, 11 the period, number 50, 45-76. [In Persian]
- Molvi, Zainab; Reza, Tahmasabi; one's knowledge; Hamidzadeh, Ali (2017), Bureaucracy-phobia: citizens' dual view of public services, Public Administration Quarterly, Volume 9, Number 2, 213-234. [In Persian]
- Mostafavi, Seyyed Youssef (2022), components of meritocracy and democracy in the administrative system, new researches in management and accounting, new period, number 55, 145-162. [In Persian]
Mothaghi, Ahmad (2015), State Affairs Department or Development Affairs Department? Public Policy Quarterly, First Volume, Number 1, 77-88. [In Persian]
- Moulai Qar, Mehdi; Razanhan, Firoz; Zahedi, Seyyed Mohammad; Saeed Moeed Far (2020), Assessing Iran's Administrative Culture: With an Institutional Approach, Journal of Management and Development Process, Volume 33, Number 1, 81-103. [In Persian]
- Mozlis, Nikos (2011), Organization and Bureaucracy, translated by Hassan Mirzaei and Ahmad Tadini, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [In Persian]
-Mubaraki, Mohammad; Alinejad, Manouchehr; Moradi Kamali; Zahra (2019), comparative-quantitative study of the relationship between bureaucracy and industrial development (an institutional approach), Journal of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Volume 16, Number 1, 259-287. [In Persian]
-Qasemi, Ruhollah; Shalchi, Vahid (2018), a comparative study of the effect of increasing oil revenues on government policies in the bureaucracy: two periods 1352-1356 and 1384-1389, Sociology Quarterly of Social Institutions, 5th period, number 11, 203-233. [In Persian]
-Qavam, Abdul Ali (2009), Politics, Tehran: Samt Publications. [In Persian]
- Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza; Danaei Fard, Hassan; Mostafazadeh, Masoumeh (2017), Understanding the Politicization of Bureaucracy: A Comparative Study of Quality, Processes and Its Consequences in Public Administration, Strategic Policy Research Quarterly, 6th Volume, Number 22, 98-115. [In Persian]
- Safarian, Ruhollah; Shahram Nia, Amir Massoud; Massoudnia, Hossein; Makki, Parisa (2017), the structure of the administrative system and the process of political development during the reform period (the seventh and eighth governments), Political and International Approaches Quarterly, ninth year, number 1, 121-146. [In Persian]
- Shahnooshi, Mojtabi; Jahan Tab, Mohammad Ali; Navidi, Hossein (2018), Challenges of Institutionalization of Bureaucratic Culture in Iran's Administrative System, Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences of Iran, No. 13, 98-89. [In Persian]
- Vaezi, Reza (2021), Criticism of public administration and development management in Iran, Governance and Development Quarterly, Volume 1, Number 1, 31-43. [In Persian]
- Weber, Max (2010), Economy and Society, translated by the translators group, Tehran: Samt Publications. [In Persian]
-Zakari, Mohammad; Asadi, Ismail; Hadi, Lotfi (2011), explaining the pattern of accountability and monitoring of the administrative system in the Alavi government from the perspective of the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy, Resalat State Management Quarterly, second period, number 4, 1-18. [In Persian]