نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد روابط بین الملل دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران.

چکیده

اقتصاد ایران متکی بر صادرات انرژی است و  به سبب این وابستگی مالی در برابر فشارهای ناشی از تحریم صادرات نفت و گاز آسیب­پذیر است. به همین خاطر بحث امنیت انرژی یکی از مهم‌ترین موضوعات اقتصاد سیاسی ایران به شمار می‌آید. پژوهش حاضر به روش تبیینی-تحلیلی و شیوه گردآوری داده به روش کتابخانه‌ای درصدد پاسخ به این پرسش برآمده است که امنیت انرژی ایران را چه مواردی تهدید می‌کند؟ فرضیه مقاله این است که تشدید و استمرار تحریم­های اقتصادی علیه بخش انرژی ایران، از دهه 1390 به بعد سبب تشدید چالش­های امنیت انرژی کشور در سه حوزه حاکمیت، استحکام و تاب‌آوری شده است به‌گونه‌ای که حتی در صورت رفع تحریم‌­ها، مقابله مؤثر با این چالش‌ها نیازمند اصلاح بنیادی شیوه‌­های حکمرانی در بخش انرژی کشور است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد حتی با پایان یافتن تحریم‌ها، ایران در صادرات انرژی خود با چالش‌هایی همچون افت قیمت و تقاضای جهانی، عدم پیوستن به شبکه‌های انرژی منطقه، بهره‌برداری نامتوازن از میدان‌های مشترک با همسایگان، بروز نبودن فناوری‌ها و کاهش سرمایه‌گذاری در حوزه انرژی روبرو است. بنابراین رفع تحریم‌ها مقدمه‌ای برای پرداختن به برخی از این چالش‌ها همچون کاهش سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی و به‌روز نبودن فناوری خواهد بود و نه درمانی برای همه دردها و مشکلات. ازاین‌رو؛ ضروری است ایران در حوزه دیپلماسی انرژی فعال‌تر عمل نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Economic Sanctions and their Challenges for the Energy Security of Producers: Case Study of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ehsan Jafarifar 1
  • Ali Bagheri Dolat Abadi 2

1 PhD, Department of International Relations, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of International Relations, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

چکیده [English]

Iran's economy relies on energy exports, and because of this financial dependence, it is vulnerable to pressures from oil and gas export sanctions. That is why energy security considers one of the most important issues in Iran's political economy.And many believe that Iran's economy will be revived with the lifting of sanctions, however, this research will deal with the issue of Iran's energy security after the sanctions from another perspective. The present study uses the explanatory-analytical method and data collection based on the library method to seek to answer the question what are the most important threats to Iran's energy security? The hypothesis of the article is that Iran's energy security faces serious threats in four categories of production, distribution, sales, and market and customer protection. Findings show that even with the end of sanctions, Iran faces challenges in its energy exports such as falling prices and global demand, disconnection from regional energy networks, unbalanced use of common fields with neighbors, lack of technology, and reduced investment in energy. Therefore, the lifting of sanctions will be a prelude to addressing some of these challenges, such as the reduction of foreign investment and the lack of up-to-date technology, and is not a cure for all of Iran's restrictions and problems. So; it is necessary for Iran to be more active in the energy diplomacy in the world.

A look at the concept of energy security and the threats surrounding it showed that while the existence of huge energy reserves is considered an advantage for Iran, the mere existence of reserves will not strengthen Iran's position in the energy markets; Rather, the other dimension of energy security, which is the ability to produce, transfer and sell energy resources to customers, is of great importance. The concept of energy security states that no country can permanently protect itself against market influences, but all countries are affected by fluctuations in production, supply, price and availability. Apart from production, the issue of energy transfer and joining energy networks is discussed, although the geopolitical position of Iran shows the advantage of energy transfer, both in terms of land and sea, but it must be said that these geopolitical advantages have been used less. On the other hand, Iran's most important challenges in the field of energy are attracting and maintaining the market, extreme fluctuations in the prices of various energy products, and differences between major energy suppliers due to political problems. The research findings for this sector showed that simply expanding relations with Asian powers such as China does not guarantee Iran's energy security; Because China's foreign policy has shown that it is very pragmatic and is not willing to confront the West because of Iran. So; It can be said that Iran's energy position is a function of the policy of countries that try to act realistically in the international environment and seek to secure their national interests. Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that have taken this path and in recent years, affected by the sanctions, they have taken over the share of Iranian oil from the market. This behavior of Saudi Arabia has also lured other Arab players in the region to unilaterally take more than their share from common gas and oil resources in the conditions of Iran's economic and technological weakness. The continuation of this trend in the long term can cause irreparable damage to Iran's energy economy
Based on this, it is suggested that Iran take the following measures to ensure energy security.
*Activating energy diplomacy to join Iran to regional and international energy networks
* Special attention to the development of common fields instead of non-common fields
*Special attention to the discussion of current technologies and strengthening of knowledge base
*Concluding long-term contracts with energy importing countries
* Expansion of regional cooperation in the form of energy institutions and organizations

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Iran"
  • "Energy Security"
  • "Middle East"
  • "Sanctions"
  • "Foreign Investment"
فارسی
اختیاری امیری، رضا؛ صالحی­خنار، محبوبه (1397)، پیامدهای سیاسی-اقتصادی توسعه روابط ایران و چین در چارچوب سیاست نگاه به شرق (1392-1384) ، مطالعات سیاسی، سال 10، شماره 40، صص 102-63.
امامی میبدی، علی؛ همکاران (1398)، بررسی امکان همکاری با همسایگان جهت یکپارچه‌سازی میدان‌ها مشترک نفتی: با نگاهی به کشور عراق، مطالعات اقتصاد انرژی، سال پانزدهم، شماره 60،  صص 29-2.
ایجابی، ابراهیم؛ بیات، روح‌الله­؛ شیروانی ناغانی، مسلم (1397)، اولویت‌بندی انواع انرژی در ایران باهدف افزایش امنیت انرژی در افق 1404 هجری خورشیدی (با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی)، مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی، شماره 29، صص157-135.
آجیلی، هادی؛ بهادر­خانی، محمدرضا (1393)، اقتصاد سیاسی خطوط لوله انرژی در آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز، پژوهش‌های راهبردی سیاست، شماره 10، صص 156-129.
آدابی، محمدرضا؛ کیانی، داود؛ حیدرپور، ماشاالله (1397)، جایگاه منابع انرژی خاورمیانه در راهبرد سیاست خارجی چین در دوران پسا جنگ سرد (موردمطالعه: ایران و عربستان سعودی)، سپهر سیاست، سال 5، شماره 16، صص 89-120.
پادام، سید سجاد؛ نوراحمدی، سیدجواد (1395)، بررسی مقاوم‌سازی بخش نفت و گاز سیستم انرژی ایران از منظر استمرار تولید، پژوهشنامه اقتصاد انرژی در ایران، سال 5، شماره 20، صص 78-35.
جابر، قاسمی؛ زهرا، عزیزی (1395)، بررسی نقش ایران در امنیت انرژی خلیج‌فارس در معادلات جهانی پسا برجام، مجموعه مقالات همایش ملی خلیج‌فارس، بوشهر.
دهشیری، محمدرضا؛ کاظمی، علیرضا؛ سورتچی، محمدرضا (1399)، سیاست‌های امنیت انرژی اتحادیه اروپا، دانش تفسیر سیاسی، سال 2، شماره 3، صص 141-115.
ساعی، احمد؛ پاشنگ، مریم (1396)، موانع توسعه صنعت نفت در آینده با بررسی عوامل رکود صنعت ایران در دوره زمانی(1393-1383)، راهبرد، سال 26، شماره 84، صص 75-59.
شمس‌آبادی، علی (1396)، ایران و اتحادیه اروپا پس از توافق هسته‌ای؛ انگیزه‌ها و موانع، پژوهش ملل، دوره 2، شماره 17، صص 32-17.
شمولی، همت الله؛ باقری­دولت­آبادی، علی (1400)، راهبرد کلان آمریکا برای مقابله با جمهوری اسلامی ایران در دولت جو بایدن؛ از سیاست ژئوپلیتیک زدایی تا مشروعیت زدایی، مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا، سال اول، شماره 3، صص 43-66.
صادقی، اکبر؛ دهقانی فیروزآبادی، سید جلال، آجیلی، هادی (1397)، بایسته‌های دیپلماسی انرژی ایران در نظام اقتصاد سیاسی بین‌الملل، مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل، سال 11، شماره 43، صص. 105 -73.
صادقی، سید شمس‌الدین (1394)، امنیت انرژی چین و ژئواکونومیک انرژی ایران، تحقیقات سیاسی و بین­المللی، دوره 7، شماره 22، صص123-85.
طاهرپور، جواد؛ امیری، سارا (1395)، برجام و سیاست‌گذاری خارجی، در: جمعی از نویسندگان، برجام؛ سیاست‌ها، دستاوردها و الزامات، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی، صص 197-210.
عسگری، بصیر (1398)، تأثیر ژئوپلیتیک انتقال انرژی بر امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، جغرافیایی سرزمین، سال 16، شماره 64، صص 103-84 .
کولایی، الهه (1389)، نقش ایران در امنیت انرژی در منطقه و جهان، تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، دوره 1، شماره 4، صص 89-63.
مایل افشار، فرحناز (1391)، بررسی تأثیر جایگاه ژئوپلیتیک و ژئواکونومى در مؤلفه‌های قدرت ملی ایران، رهنامه سیاست‌گذاری، سال 3، شماره 1، صص 56-21.
متقی، افشین (1392)، بازشناسی ابعاد روی‌آوری چین به خلیج‌فارس و سناریوهای امنیتی فراروی ایران، آفاق امنیت، سال 6، شماره 21، صص 151-129.
متین، مهدخت؛ صابری، علی (1400)، گزارش بررسی عملکرد دولت دوازدهم؛ در صنعت نفت و گاز، مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی، قابل‌دسترس در: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1677182
مزرعتی، محمد (1386)، امنیت انرژی دوروی یک سکه: امنیت عرضه، امنیت تقاضای انرژی، مطالعات اقتصاد انرژی، شماره 13، صص 87-71.
محمودی، مرضیه (1401)، خریدار نفت ایران، ایران به آمریکا نفت صادر می­کند؟، قابل‌دسترس در: https://tejaratnews.com/
مشهدی، علی؛ رشیدی، مهناز (1394)، تأثیر تحریم‌های وضع‌شده علیه ایران بر محیط‌زیست، انرژی و انتقال فناوری از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل، پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال 16، شماره 46، صص 103-123.
ملکی، عباس (1389)، امنیت انرژی، ایران و مسائل دریای خزر، مطالعات آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز، دوره 16، شماره 70 ، صص 121-160.
میرترابی، سعید (1391)، بیداری اسلامی و اقتصاد سیاسی نفت در خاورمیانه، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق (ع).
میرترابی، سعید؛ ترکی، هادی (1398)، ابتکار احیای جاده ابریشم چین در تکاپوی تأمین امنیت انرژی و توسعه صادرات، مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بین‌الملل، دوره 2، شماره 2، صص 207-232.
وجدی دستگردی، زهرا؛ صالحیان دهکردی، حسین (1397)، بررسی حضور چین در خلیج‌فارس از منظر سیاسی و اقتصادی با تأکید بر روابط چین و ایران، مجموعه مقالات همایش جامعه علمی ایرانیان مقیم چین، بررسی فرایندها و دستاوردهای توسعه در چین، تهران.
هروررانی، حسین؛ خوش‌کلام خسروشاهی، موسی (1395)، اقتصاد مقاومتی و راهبرد جمهوری اسلامی ایران جهت مقابله با رویکردهای خصمانه آمریکا و عربستان سعودی در بازار نفت، سیاست­های مالی و اقتصادی، سال 4، شماره 15، صص 70-43 .
References
 
Abiq (2021:1), Major Oil and Gas Projects in the Middle East, Available at: Https://www.abiq.io/2021/12/12/Upcoming-Oil-And-Gas-Projects-In-The-Middle-East/
Albert, E. (2021), China is Buying Record Amounts of Iranian Oil, Available at: Https://Thediplomat.Com/2021/03/China-Is-Buying-Record-Amounts-Of-Iranian-Oil/
Ayoo, C. (2020(, Towards Energy Security for the Twenty-First Century, Available at: Https://www.intechopen.com/Chapters/71825
Azzuni, Abdelrahman؛ Breyer, Christian (2020), Global Energy Security Index and Its Application on National Level, Energies, Vol.13, No.10. PP 1-49.
B.W. Ang؛ W.L.Choong (2015), Energy Security: Definitions, Dimensions and Indexes, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 42, pp. 1077-1093
Badawi, T. (2016) The Iranian–Saudi Petrochemicals Competition, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/64746
Bhattacharjee, D. (2017), Pakistan and Iran – Changing Dynamics and Challenges, Https://www.icwa.in/Show_Content.Php?Lang=1&Level=3&Ls_Id=1349&Lid=1035
Business Human Rights (2016), Iran Sees Rapid Increase in Foreign Direct Investment, Available At: Https://www.business-humanrights.org/En/Latest-News/Iran-Sees-Rapid-Increase-In-Foreign-Direct-Investment/
Campos Ana; Patrício Fernandes, Carla (2017), The Geopolitics of Energy and Energy Security, Instituto Da Defesa Nacional, Available at: https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/41897/1/cf_ac_tfr_geopoliticsofenergy_2017.pdf
Cherp, Aleh ؛ Jewell, Jessica (2011), the Three Perspectives on Energy Security: Intellectual History, Disciplinary Roots and the Potential for Integration, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 3, Issue.4, pp. 202-212
Council Decision (2010), concerning Restrictive Measures against Iran and Repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP, Official Journal of the European Union, 26 July 2010, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:195:0039:0073:en:PDF
Coote, Bud (2018), Impact of Sanctions on Russia’s Energy Sector, Atlantic Council, March 2018, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ Impact_of_ Sanctions_ on_Russia _s_Energy_Sector_web.pdf
CNBC (2021), These 6 Charts Show How Sanctions Are Crushing Iran’s Economy, Available at: Https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/23/These-6-Charts-Show-How-Sanctions-Are-Crushing-Irans-Economy.Html
Dudlak, Tamas (2018), After the Sanctions” Policy Changes in Transition to a New Political Economy of the Iranain Oil and Gas Sectors, Energy Poicy, Vol.121, pp.464-475.
Early, Brayan, Peksen, Dursun (2018), Searching in the Shadows: The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Informal Economies, Political Research Quarterly, Vol.72, No.4, pp.821-834.
Elbassoussy, A. (2019), European Energy Security Dilemma: Major Challenges and Confrontation Strategies, Available at:   https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/REPS-02-2019-0019/full/html
Energymonitor (2021), Oil Nations Face Perilous Future without Energy Transition Support, Available at: Https://www.energymonitor.Ai/Policy/Just-Transition/Oil-Nations-Facing-A-Perilous-Future-Without-Energy-Transition-Support
Eurasiareview (2021), Geoeconomics of the Caspian Sea Region – Analysis, Available at: Https://www.eurasiareview.com/15072021-Geoeconomics-Of-The-Caspian-Sea-Region-Analysis/
Farzanegan, M.R. (2013), “Effects of International Financial and Energy Sanctions on Iran's Informal Economy”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol.33, No.1, pp.13-36.
Fdiintelligence (2016), Iran FDI Soars, Available at: Https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Article/65815?Ct=True
Gasser, Patrick (2020), a Review on Energy Security Indices to Compare Country Performances, Energy Policy, Vol.139, 111339, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111339
Hellenicshippingnews (2022), Iran Needs $80 Bil Gas Investment to Avoid Becoming an Importer, Available at: Https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/Iran-Needs-80-Bil-Gas-Investment-To-Avoid-Becoming-An-Importer-Owji/
Ihsmarkit (2020), Sanctions against Iran: The Long-Term Effects on International Crude Oil Trades, Available at: Https://ihsmarkit.com/Research-Analysis/Sanctions-Against-Iran-The-Longterm-Effects-On-Crude-Oil-Trades.Html
Intharak, N. et al. (2007), A Quest for Energy Security in the 21st Century, Tokyo: Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, https://aperc.or.jp/file/2010/9/26/APERC_2007_A_Quest_for_Energy_Security.pdf.
Investopedia (2020), How Iran Impacts the Price and Supply of Oil, Available At: Https://www.investopedia.com/Articles/Investing/073115/How-Iran-Impacts-Price-And-Supply-Oil.Asp
Iranopendata. (2022), Iran’s Failure to Export Natural Gas, April 27, Available at: https://iranopendata.org/en/pages/54en-natural-gas-export
Karatayev, M.; Hall, S. (2020), Establishing and Comparing Energy Security Trends in Resource-Rich Exporting Nations (Russia and the Caspian Sea Region), Available at: Https://www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Pii/S0301420720300532#Tbl8
Petrescu, I. (2016), The Effects of Economic Sanctions on the Informal eEconomy, Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, Vol.4, No.4, pp. 623-648.
Mordorintelligence (2020). Iran Oil and Gas Market - Growth, Trends, Covid-19 Impact, and Forcasts (2022 - 2027), Available at: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/iran-oil-and-gas-market
Northam, J. (2020), Why Iran's Economy Has Not Collapsed Amid U.S. Sanctions and Maximum Pressure, Available at: Https://www.npr.org/2020/01/16/796781021/Why-Irans-Economy-Has-Not-Collapsed-Amid-U-S-Sanctions-And-Maximum-Pressure
Offshore-Technology (2022), Iran Leads Upcoming Oil & Gas Projects Starts in the Middle East by 2026, Available At: Https://www.offshore-technology.com/Comment/Iran-Oil-Gas-Middle-East/
OGJ (2017), Iran's Joint Fields Offer Development, Partnership Opportunities, Available at: Https://www.ogj.com/Exploration-Development/Reserves/Article/17229598/Irans-Joint-Fields-Offer-Development-Partnership-Opportunities
Presstv (2022), Iran: Saudi-Kuwaiti Deal to Develop Arash Gas Field in Persian Gulf 'Illegal', Available At: Https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2022/03/26/679174/Iran-Says-Reserves-Right-To-Exploit-Arash-Gas-Field
Raval, A.; Cornish, C.; Munsh, N. (2021), Oil Producers Face Costly Transition as World Looks to Net-Zero Future, Available At: Https://www.ft.com/Content/27b4b7f1-9b08-4406-8119-03a73fb6ce19
Shokrikalehsar, O. (2020), Iran Oil Exports Face a Tough Future Even After the Coronavirus, Available at: Https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/Blogs/Iransource/Iran-Oil-Exports-Face-A-Tough-Future-Even-After-The-Coronavirus
Smith, E. (2021), Oil Nations Tipped for Political Instability if the World Moves Away From Fossil Fuels, Available At: Https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/26/Oil-Nations-Tipped-For-Political-Instability-If-Fossil-Fuels-Abandoned.Html
Strausscenter (2020), Energy and Security, Available at: Https://www.strausscenter.org/Energy-And-Security-Project/Iran-2
Tehran Times (2021), Iran Plans to Attract $125b of Investment in Oil Industry, September 22, Available at: Https://www.tehrantimes.com/News/465341/Iran-Plans-To-Attract-125b-Of-Investment-In-Oil-Industry
Tradingeconomics (2021), Iran Foreign Direct Investment, Available at: Https://www.tradingeconomics.com/Iran/Foreign-Direct-Investment
UEIA. (2021), Country Analysis Executive Summary: Iran, U.S. Energy Information Administration, July 16, Available at: https://www.eia.gov/international/content analysis/ countries_long/Iran/pdf/iran_exe.pdf
Vakhshouri, S. (2020), U.S. Sanctions and Iran’s Energy Strategy, Available at: Https://www.rethinkingiran.com/Iranundersanctions/Vakhshouri
World Bank (2015), Economic Implications of Lifting Sanctions on Iran, MENA Quarterly Economic Brief, Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/mena-quarterly-economic-brief-july-2015
World Oil (2022), Data Business in Oil & Gas Market Expected to be valued at $145 Billion by 2032, Available at:  Https://www.worldoil.com/News/2022/4/22/Data-Business-In-Oil-Gas-Market-Expected-To-Be-Valued-At-145-Billion-By-2032/
 
Translated References into English
Ekhtiari Amiri, Reza & Salehi-Khanar, Mahboubeh (2018), "The Political-Economic Consequences of Iran-China Relations Development within the Framework of the Look to the East Policy (2005–2013)", Political Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 40, pp. 63–102. [In Persian]
Emami Meybodi, Ali et al. (2019), "Examining the Possibility of Cooperation with Neighbors for Joint Oil Field Integration: A Focus on Iraq", Energy Economics Studies, Vol. 15, No. 60, pp. 2–29. [In Persian]
Ejabi, Ebrahim; Bayat, Rouhollah; Shirvani Nagani, Moslem (2018), "Prioritization of Energy Types in Iran to Enhance Energy Security by 2025 Using AHP Method", Strategic Public Policy Studies, No. 29, pp. 135–157. [In Persian]
Ajili, Hadi & Bahador-Khani, Mohammadreza (2014), "The Political Economy of Energy Pipelines in Central Asia and the Caucasus", Strategic Policy Research, No. 10, pp. 129–156. [In Persian]
Adabi, Mohammadreza; Kiani, Davood; Heydarpour, Mashallah (2018), "The Role of Middle East Energy Resources in China’s Foreign Policy Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era (Case Study: Iran and Saudi Arabia)", Sepehr-e Siyasat, Vol. 5, No. 16, pp. 89–120. [In Persian]
Padam, Seyed Sajad & Nour Ahmadi, Seyed Javad (2016), "Resilience of Iran’s Oil and Gas Sector from a Production Continuity Perspective", Iranian Energy Economics Research Journal, Vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 35–78. [In Persian]
Jaber Ghasemi; Azizi, Zahra (2016), "Iran’s Role in the Persian Gulf Energy Security in the Post-JCPOA Global Equations", Proceedings of the National Persian Gulf Conference, Bushehr. [In Persian]
Dehshiri, Mohammadreza; Kazemi, Alireza; Soortchi, Mohammadreza (2020), "Energy Security Policies of the European Union", Political Interpretation Knowledge, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 115–141. [In Persian]
Saei, Ahmad & Pashang, Maryam (2017), "Obstacles to the Future Development of Iran’s Oil Industry by Examining the Recession Factors (2004–2014)", Rahbord Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 84, pp. 59–75. [In Persian]
Shamsabadi, Ali (2017), "Iran and the European Union after the Nuclear Agreement: Motivations and Barriers", Nations Research Monthly, Vol. 2, No. 17, pp. 17–32. [In Persian]
Molaei, Mohammadreza & Sahebmohammadi, Hossein (2016), "The Geopolitics of Energy in Central Asia", Geopolitical Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1–27. [In Persian]
Dadandish, Parviz & Dehghan, Saeed (2017), "An Analysis of Iran’s Strategic Relations with China in the Framework of Eurasian Geopolitics", Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, No. 98, pp. 113–135. [In Persian]
Ghaderi, Mojtaba; Zarei, Alireza (2020), "The Role of Political Stability in Iran’s Energy Diplomacy: A Case Study of Oil Sanctions", Political and International Approaches, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 1–24. [In Persian]
Ahmadian, Davood & Bazyar, Massoud (2014), "The Influence of External Factors on Iran’s Energy Diplomacy (2005–2012)", Iranian Foreign Policy Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 111–136. [In Persian]
Shariatinia, Mahmoud (2015), "The Nuclear Agreement and Iran’s Energy Diplomacy", Strategic Report, Center for Strategic Studies. [In Persian]
Ebrahimzadeh, Isa; Pourazar, Gholamreza (2016), "Energy Diplomacy and National Security: The Role of Iran’s Oil Industry in Enhancing Strategic Power", National Studies Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 59–83. [In Persian]
Mesbahi, Saeed (2017), "The Necessity of Balancing Iran’s Oil Diplomacy in the Post-Sanctions Period", Oil and Energy Policy Journal, No. 36, pp. 8–19. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, Ali & Arjmandi, Rahmatollah (2016), "The Challenges of Attracting Foreign Investment in Iran’s Oil and Gas Sector", Economic Strategy Journal, Vol. 5, No. 18, pp. 121–144. [In Persian]
Kamrava, Mehran (2012), The Political Economy of the Persian Gulf. Translated by Ali Asghar Ghasemi. Tehran: Ney Publications. [In Persian]
Taghavi, Mehdi & Shahbazi, Farzaneh (2017), "Iran and China Relations in the Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges", Strategic Research on Politics, Vol. 6, No. 23, pp. 135–160. [In Persian]
Mokhtari Hashi, Seyed Mehdi; Azarbaijani, Karim (2015), "The Role of Iran in China’s Energy Security Strategy", International Relations Research, Vol. 6, No. 24, pp. 27–50. [In Persian]
Safari, Hossein & Kalhor, Mansoureh (2020), "The Impact of the JCPOA on Iran’s Role in Global Energy Markets", Iranian Economic Review, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 821–846. [In Persian]
Hadian, Teimour & Ghanbari, Ali (2019), "The Effect of Energy Sanctions on Iran's Strategic Partnerships with Asia", Foreign Relations Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 43, pp. 73–96. [In Persian]
Hasani, Mohammad (2018), "The Strategic Importance of Iran’s Gas Exports to Regional Security", Energy Strategy Journal, No. 7, pp. 45–66. [In Persian]
Shahbaz, Mohammad (2014), Petroleum Diplomacy: An Introduction. Tehran: Institute for International Energy Studies. [In Persian]
Ebrahimi, Abbasali (2016), "Energy Diplomacy of Iran in the Caspian Region", Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, No. 91, pp. 111–135. [In Persian]
Fathi, Mohammad Mehdi (2018), "The Structure of Iran’s Oil Contracts and Foreign Investment", Strategic Studies on Public Policy, No. 28, pp. 29–48. [In Persian]
Behkish, Mohammad Mehdi (2017), "Iran’s Economic Relations with the World: Focus on Energy Sector", Iranian Economic Studies, No. 10, pp. 57–80. [In Persian]
Esfahani, Hadi Salehi; Pesaran, M. Hashem (2009), "Iran's Oil Industry: Economic and Political Challenges", translated by M. Reza Nezamolhoda, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [In Persian]
Mousavi, Seyed Hadi (2020), "China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Opportunities for Iran’s Energy Sector", International Political Economy Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 75–98. [In Persian]
Pourmokhtar, Reza; Shafaghi, Sima (2018), "Analyzing Iran’s Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East", Political Science Journal, Vol. 13, No. 52, pp. 89–108. [In Persian]
Daneshyar, Mohammadreza (2020), "Iran’s Energy Strategy in the Post-Sanctions Period", Journal of Political Science, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 19–42. [In Persian]
Ghobadi, Ehsan (2016), "Evaluating Iran’s Energy Security Index", Iranian Energy Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 61–80. [In Persian]
Zarepour, Mehdi; Hosseini, Maryam (2017), "A Comparative Study of Iran and Russia’s Energy Diplomacy", Comparative Politics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 33–56. [In Persian]
Moeeni, Seyed Mostafa (2018), "The Impact of Energy on Iran’s National Security", Iranian Security Studies, Vol. 6, No. 23, pp. 67–90. [In Persian]