نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترای اندیشه سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
2 دانشیارگروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران
چکیده
نظام‌های تمامیت‌خواه دارای رویکرد آرمانشهری هستند و رهبران آن‌ها، ایدئولوژی و تصمیمات خود را برای رسیدن به وضعیت بهتر توجیه می‌کنند و در وضعیت ویرانشهری، نظام سیاسی در رسیدن به اهداف خود با ناکامی مواجه می‌شود. در این راستا، نظام کرهشمالی که از چهار ایدئولوژی، سوریونگ (رهبر)، جوچه (خودکفایی همه‌جانبه) سونگون (اولویت نظامی) و سونگبون (نظام کاست ارثی) برای رسیدن به وضعیت آرمانشهری پیروی می‌کند. سؤال مهم این است که از دیدگاه رویکرد آرمانشهری و ویرانشهری، تحلیل نظام کرهشمالی در ابعاد داخلی و سیاست خارجی خود نمایانگر چه وضعیتی است؟ بنابر فرضیه، ابعاد توسعه سیاسی، اقتصادی و نظامی کرهشمالی نشان می‌دهد که این کشور نمایانگر یک ویرانشهر است. بر اساس روش توصیفی_ تحلیلی نتایج تحقیق مبتنی بر تحلیل داده‌ها و آمارهای اقتصادی و تجزیه‌وتحلیل شاخص‌های سیاسی نشان می‌دهد این نظام شاخص‌های دولت تمامیت‌خواه و ویرانشهری را با وضعیت اقتصادی نابسامان و شکننده به نمایش گذاشته است و در بالاترین رتبه‌های جهانی کنترل حداکثری، سرکوب سیاسی و عدم مشروعیت قرار دارد. به دلیل وجود نظام تبعیض ارثی سونگبون و شکست ایدئولوژِی جوچه و اولویت سیاست‌های نظامی سونگون بر تأمین نیازهای اقتصادی و درنتیجه پدید آمدن فقر گسترده و چالش‌های انسانی با عدم مشروعیت دولت و نظام سیاسی مواجه شده است و در عرصه سیاست خارجی به دلیل سیاست‌ها و آزمایش‌های هسته‌ای تهاجمی مغایر با جامعه بین‌الملل با تحریم‌های همه‌جانبه بین‌المللی مواجه شده و دچار افول شدید اقتصادی و انزوای جهانی شده است و در ابعاد داخلی و خارجی در ویرانشهر قرار دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The paradox of utopia and dystopia in North Korea
نویسندگان [English]
- mohammad karampouriy 1
- Hossein Athari 2
1 p.hd student
2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
Totalitarian regimes have a utopian approach, and their leaders justify their ideology and decisions in terms of achieving a better situation. The opposite of utopia is dystopia, where the political system has failed to achieve its goals. In this respect, North Korea is one of the most totalitarian societies of the modern era. The regime is one of the most repressive in the world. Accordingly, many political scientists and international relations analysts believe that the North Korean political system is a totalitarian system that has adopted a utopian approach to maximum control over all aspects of society.
Research Objectives
This research attempts to show how North Korea has reached a dystpia by analysing the dimensions of North Korea's political, economic and military development, as well as economic data and graphs, and what approaches and coordinates have shaped the direction of North Korea's political system in domestic and foreign policy, and what their positions are from the perspective of utopia and dystopia.
Research Method
In descriptive-analytical research, which is the approach of this research, the researcher, in addition to illustrating what is, describes and explains the reasons for how and why the situation of the problem is and its dimensions. In order to explain and justify the reasons, the researcher needs solid argumentative support. This support is based on a literature review and theoretical discussion of the research and the formulation of existing general propositions and theorems, such as laws and theories about it.
Research Highlights
The North Korean regime, which follows four ideologies, Suryong (leader), Juche (all-round self-sufficiency), Songun (military priority) and Songbun (hereditary caste system), to achieve a utopian state. The facts show that they give a wrong interpretation of the utopian state. While the characteristics and principles of utopia are opposite to the characteristics of a totalitarian political system, the totalitarian system takes as its starting point a dilapidated city, which the political system mistakenly gives a utopian interpretation to this totalitarian state; Therefore, the analysis of economic data and statistics and the analysis of political indicators show that this system has a single party with a single leadership, the existence of official ideologies, the party's control over technology and mass media, the party's control over the army, the existence of a system of fear, repression and police control, the party's control over the planned economy and maximum control over all aspects of society, along with widespread poverty and human challenges. A large part of the population is confronted with the illegitimacy of the state and the political system. The existence of the Songbun system of hereditary discrimination, the failure of the Juche ideology and the priority given to the military policy of the Songbun over the economic needs of the society indicate that it has exhibited the functions of a totalitarian state, and in the field of foreign policy it has faced comprehensive international sanctions for its aggressive nuclear policy in defiance of the international community, suffered severe economic decline and global isolation, and is in ruins both internally and externally.
Conclusion
Conclusion North Korea is facing an inescapable paradox: because of the adoption of the Soryong ideology, it cannot carry out political reforms followed by the introduction of information and communication technology into the system; because the effect of centrifugal forces is increasing until it leads to the overthrow of the system; and because of the Songbun discrimination system, it does not have the capacity and ability to develop politically and economically. The Juche idea has also failed at home and abroad, and the country's leaders have admitted this failure. In addition to the self-sufficiency of Juche, the Songun ideology has also faced a wave of severe international sanctions in terms of military and nuclear capabilities. The increase in military expenditure and the aggressive military policy of Songun, together with the dangerous nuclear tests, have not only brought about a decline in economic development and economic reforms, but have also brought about comprehensive international sanctions and global isolation of the country, indicating that the country is in a state of dystopia. The lifting of sanctions and the country's access to international markets require nuclear negotiations and an agreement with the negotiating countries, namely the United States. In these negotiations, nuclear disarmament actually requires the abandonment of the ideology of Songun and Juche; therefore, Kim Jong-un's nuclear negotiations with the United States and the world powers have reached an impasse and a strange paradox.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Dystopia
- North Korea
- Totalitarian system
- Utopia
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