نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• سید محمد مهدی باکی هاشمی

دکتری مدیریت دولتی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.

چکیده

با توجه به اینکه نظام حکمرانی نقش مهمی در تأمین حق سلامت آحاد ملت ایران دارد، عبرت از تجربیات ملی و بین­المللی در این زمینه، از اهمیت ویژه­ای برخوردار است. مسئله پژوهش آن است که چگونه نظام سیاست­گذاری کشور برای مقابله با بحران بیماری­های همه­گیر در آینده خود را تجهیز نماید. از این رو، هدف این پژوهش شناسایی ابعاد تجربه ملی ایران در مقابله با بیماری همه­گیر کرونا به منظور شناسایی اصول و ابعاد خط­مشی­های بهینه برای آمادگی مقابله با سایر بیماری­های نوظهور و همه­گیری­های دیگر در آینده است. مطالعه حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و به روش تحلیل مضمون و با استفاده از مصاحبه­های نیمه­ ساختاریافته و به روش گلوله برفی با 16 نفر از خبرگان این حوزه انجام شد. نتایج شامل 218 مضمون اولیه، 24 مضمون فرعی و 6 مضمون اصلی شامل سیاست‌­های کاهش تماس اجتماعی، سیاست‌های حفظ تماس اجتماعی، سیاست­های حمایت عمومی و نهایتاً سیاست­های نظام حکمرانی است. همچنین مشخص گردید که با توجه به تجربه گذشته و شرایط اقتصادی­ _ اجتماعی ایران، سیاست بهینه برای مقابله و آمادگی در آینده، دو مرحله اصلی دارد: اول، مرحله اقدام ضربتی با تعطیلی فراگیر کوتاه‌مدت سه تا چهار هفته ­ای به نحوی که تعداد بیماران در سطح جامعه به شدت کاهش یابد (با توجه به دوره بیماری) و به نقطه تعادلی جدید و دلخواه با مرگ و میر محدود دست یابد. دوم، مرحله بازگشت تدریجی به فعالیت‌­های اجتماعی-اقتصادی با کنترل عدد بازتولید در نزدیکی یک.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• سیاست‌گذاری بهینه
• همه‌گیری
• بیماری
• نظام سلامت
• کرونا
• بحران

موضوعات

• سیاستگذاری عمومی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimal Policy Making in The Face of Crisis Epidemic Diseases: A Bridge from The Past to The Future

نویسنده [English]

• Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Baki Hashemi

Ph.D., Department of Public Administration, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The presence of the Covid-19 virus was first reported in December 2018 in Wuhan, China, and then it spread to other countries in the world. Iran also officially announced on February 30, 2018 that this virus has entered the country. Following this issue, a series of different policies were used to provide the ground to control and contain the disease. Due to the fact that the virus was unknown, the way governments dealt with it was different, but the problem that made Iran's conditions more difficult to deal with the virus was the widespread sanctions, especially in the field of raw materials, medicine and medical equipment. The epidemic of corona disease and its extraordinary spread caused wide challenges and problems in health, economic, social, security, etc. fields. Therefore, taking strategic and timely decisions to control the virus and its consequences became very important. But now that the world is in the post-coronavirus era, learning from the governance methods in dealing with and confronting governments with the corona virus in the past can provide great political lessons for the necessary preparation to deal with possible epidemics. Provide the lowest cost and the highest benefit in the future. Therefore, in order to learn from the bitter experience of the past and to create a bridge from the past, in order to make the future measures more transparent, in order to answer these questions: 1) What policies does the Iranian government have in view of the corona virus epidemic? What could be done to control the spread of the epidemic with relatively low economic cost and high public benefit? 2) What optimal policy should the Iranian government adopt in the event of an epidemic disease crisis? The research was designed and implemented. Therefore, the aim of the research is to gather the opinions of experts and experts regarding the most effective policy measures in facing the Corona epidemic in order to derive a transparent, coherent and effective policy to ensure the readiness of the country's governance system to deal with similar critical conditions in the future, so that the country is able to recover with the least damage. To be resilient and bear such emergency situations. By examining the research conducted in the field of the nature of the Corona problem as a malignant problem compared to the manageable problems and the development of its strategic principles, it was determined that this issue has a research gap in the scientific-research literature of the country, also in the field of Corona policy making and its foundations. Considering the novelty of this topic, there are many research shortcomings. Therefore, this research seeks to fill these research gaps.
Materials and Methods
The current research is among the applied researches in terms of its purpose and it was done with a qualitative approach. In the qualitative stage, thematic analysis method (or theme analysis) has been used to identify the categories of the research.
 In order to identify the policies and policies adopted during the Corona epidemic in Iran in order to identify and formulate optimal policies, while using the method of library studies and the use of scientific-research documents and documents, articles, reference books and domestic and foreign sources; Additional data of the research has been collected by field method and semi-structured interviews. Triangulation method was used to check research tools. The selection criteria of people have been having expertise, experience or published works in the field of the research subject and also having a management experience of more than 10 years, which formed the possible community for the researcher to refer to, who is trying to answer the following questions.
1) Considering the epidemic of corona disease, what policies could the Iranian government implement to control the spread of the epidemic with relatively low economic cost and high public benefit?
2) In the event of an epidemic crisis, what optimal policy should the Iranian government adopt?
Finally, the participants with the "snowball sampling method" and carefully refer to the first circle available; were determined and interviewed until reaching the theoretical saturation point; It continued with 16 experts.
Results and Discussion
The results include 218 primary themes, 24 sub-themes and 6 main themes which include social contact reduction policies, social contact maintenance policies, public support policies and finally governance system policies. It was also found that according to the past experience and the economic and social conditions of Iran, the optimal policy to deal with and prepare for the future has two main stages: First, the stage of strike action with a short-term comprehensive shutdown of three to four weeks to A way that the number of patients at the community level is drastically reduced (according to the course of the disease) and a new and desired equilibrium point is reached with limited mortality. Second, the stage of gradual return to social and economic activities by controlling the reproduction number near one. Finally, research and executive proposals were presented.
Conclusion
The success of the policy depends on the minimization of social interactions in the first stage so that people reduce their interactions in closed spaces to near zero and necessary activities are carried out using personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves. Of course, the necessity of accompanying citizens is continuous communication, transparency in informing the real and complete statistics of patients and deaths, separated by different regions. Although it may seem that the peace of the society depends on making the situation less risky, the reality is that the success of the short-term strike policy depends on the full cooperation of the citizens, which also depends on their accurate knowledge of the risk of disease in different places and times. Different are tied. After passing the first stage, the policy makers can carefully rely on the information and knowledge that is determined daily by researchers and epidemiologists about the characteristics of the disease to monitor the number of reproduction and take prudent measures and control it. In the vicinity and under the number of people, they are engaged. And by determining different and diverse support packages for the vulnerable and at-risk groups, they will help to maintain social cohesion and mobilize the society to overcome the epidemic wave.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Optimal Policy Making
• Epidemic
• Disease
• Health System
• Corona
• Crisis