نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• حیدر شهریاری

استادیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

در حالی‌ که در گذشته، نظریه‌پردازانِ امنیت ملی از دریچه مسائل سخت‌افزاری، نظامی و حکومت‌محوری بدان می‌نگریستند نظریه‌پردازان اخیر، آن را از زاویه مسائل نرم‌افزاری، غیرنظامی و مردمی نیز می‌نگرند. یکی از الگو‌های متأخرِ تأمین امنیت ملی، الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی است که بخش‌های مختلف جامعه را در کنار حکومت مرکزی برای تولید، حفظ و توزیع امنیت به ‌یاری می‌طلبد؛ از سوی ‌دیگر، یکی از بخش‌های مهم جامعه سیاسی که می‌تواند در تحقق الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی یاری رساند احزاب سیاسی‌اند. نوشتار حاضر با مفروض این مسئله که بدون رشد و توسعه نظام حزبی، امکان تحقق امنیت در الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی وجود ندارد در تلاش است تا به چگونگیِ اثرپذیری امنیت ملی در الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی از نظام حزبی بپردازد. فرضیه مطرح‌شده بدین قرار است که با توجه به ابعاد و ویژگی‌های الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی، احزاب سیاسی هم در تحقق شاخص‌های الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی (ورود بخش‌های عمومی و خصوصی به فرایند تأمین امنیت، سیاست‌گذاری‌ها و اجرای غیرمتمرکز تصمیمات، کسب و تجمیع منابع و منافع، مشارکت شهروندان، جغرافیای غیرمتمرکز و توسعه نگاه امنیت منشوری) نقش دارند و هم در ایجاد بسترهای آن (هماهنگ‌سازی، مسئولیت‌پذیری، جامعه‌پذیری، اشاعه نگاه غیر ایدئولوژیک و سازمان حزبی قوی). این نوشتار که با روش ترکیبیِ زنجیره‌ای هم‌زمان (ترکیب رویکرد ساختار-کارگزار با روش تبینی-علّی) در تحلیل داده‌ها و با روش کتابخانه‌ای-اسنادی در گردآوری داده‌ها صورت پذیرفته، ضمن رسیدن به نتایج حاصل از فرضیه فوق، دارای نوآوری‌های نظری ازجمله پر کردن خلأ مطالعاتی در این زمینه و نیز کاربست تطبیقی آن با دیگر عوامل مؤثر بر تحقق الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی در جوامع مختلف، بالأخص جوامع درحال‌توسعه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• امنیت ملی
• الگوی حکمرانی امنیتی
• نظام حزبی
• امنیت منشوری
• سازمان حزبی قوی

موضوعات

• توسعه و امنیت

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Theoretical Introduction to the Relationship Between National Security and the Political Party System from the Perspective of the Security Governance Model

نویسنده [English]

• Heidar Shahriari

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
National security theorists used to view security primarily as a hardware issue, focused on military and government-oriented concerns. However, more recent theorists approach national security from a software perspective, emphasizing civic and public issues. The security governance model is one of the recent models for providing national security. The model highlights the role of various public and private sectors, alongside the central government, in creating, maintaining, and distributing security in today’s complex world. Moreover, an often overlooked but crucial component of the political system that can contribute to national security is the political party system, which has been largely ignored by security theorists. The present study aimed to address how national security is influenced by the political party system, assuming that it is impossible to achieve security within the security governance model without the development of a political party system. Political parties are so integral to the realization of security governance that they determine the success or failure of security governance. A review of existing literature reveals that few works directly address the topic, though some relevant studies exist. Notable works include “Foreign Politics and National Security Governance” (Yazdanfam, 2023), “Political Parties and the Provision of Non-State Security in Lebanon” (Stedem, 2021), and “Conceptualizing Security Governance” (Krahmann, 2003). The current research is based on the hypothesis that political parties significantly influence various dimensions of the security governance model, such as the involvement of public and private sectors in the security provision process, decentralized policymaking and decision-making, acquisition, and accumulation of resources and benefits of security, etc. Moreover, political parties contribute to the model’s foundations, such as coordination, accountability, competition, socialization, etc. The study examined the influence of political parties on national security in two phases. The first phase concerns their impact on the dimensions of security governance, and the second phase focuses on how political parties affect the foundations of security governance.
Materials and Methods
The present study adopted a multi-level, mixed-method approach, in which various methods were used in combination in line with different stages of the study. Having collected the data through a library–documentary method, the research relied on two levels of analysis: causal explanation and structure–agency explanation. The causal framework was used to explain the impact of political parties on the realization of security governance, whereas the structure–agency analysis helped explain the realization of the indicators and foundations of security governance.
Results and Discussion
The analysis investigated the relationship between the political party system and the provision of national security within the governance model. According to the research findings, political parties can influence security governance indicators such as the involvement of public and private sectors in the security provision process, policymaking, decentralized policymaking and decision-making, acquisition and accumulation of resources and benefits of security, civic participation, and decentralized geography. Second, political parties can impact the foundations of security governance, including coordination, accountability, promulgation of the non-ideological viewpoint, socialization, and development of the prismatic perspective. Additionally, one of the most significant findings is the interplay between individual dynamics and the collective environment, which drives the provision of national security. In other words, political parties cannot automatically achieve security governance on their own; rather, they facilitate its realization through the cooperation of political and social structures and agents.
Conclusion
The effectiveness of the model is contingent upon the growth and development of robust political parties with robust organizational structures, which are essential for making the security governance model feasible, efficient, and effective. It is also important to note that the security governance model—regardless of how it is formulated or implemented—offers greater efficiency, effectiveness, and adaptability than traditional security models, particularly in today’s pluralistic and complex world.  Finally, the results of the study proved its theoretical innovations, addressed a gap in the existing literature, and provided a foundation for future research to analyze other factors influencing the security governance model through comparative studies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• National security
• Security governance model
• Political party system
• Multi-level security
• Robust party organization