نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار تاریخ انقلاب اسلامی دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)، تهران، ایران
چکیده
دولت مدرن ازجمله نهادهای سیاسی کلانی است که تمامی ابعاد زندگی انسان‌ها را در برگرفته است. این نهاد علی‌رغم وجوه مفید خود برگرفته از مبانی است که ممکن است در تعامل بین خود و انسان، موجب کاهش آزادی انسان شده و درنهایت مانع رشد تفکر و انکشاف ذات واقعی انسان‌ها شود. تجربه تاریخی کشورهای غربی و در ادامه گسترش این تفکر به سایر کشورها، موجب شده تا بسیاری از متفکران بر آن باشند تا با بررسی نقادانه وجوه مختلف آن، جهت اصلاح و تکامل آن به نظریه‌سازی بپردازند. ازجمله مهم‌ترین منتقدان و نظریه‌پردازان دولت مدرن که با رویکردی انسان گرایانه بدان توجه داشته، هانا آرنت اگزیستانس است. در پژوهش حاضر بر آنیم تا با استفاده از اندیشه آرنت به‌نقد این نهاد گسترده و مهم بپردازیم. در این مقاله از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و محور قرار دادن نظریه دولت مدرن به‌عنوان چارچوب پژوهش، به‌نقد نظام‌های سیاسی مدرن بپردازیم. یافته‌های پژوهش مبتنی بر آموزه‌های آرنت نشان می‌دهد که فلسفه مدرن منجر به تفکیک الهیات از طبیعت، گسترش پوزیتیویسم و رشد یک نوع فردگرایی مفرط شده که درنتیجه آن دولت دچار یک نوع دیوان‌سالاری گسترده و خشن و غلبه اقتصاد بر وجوه سیاسی و فرهنگی انسان شده است. ازاین‌رو آرنت به‌عنوان پیشنهاد جایگزین معتقد است که تنها راه اصلاح این نهاد گسترده، ناکارآمد و غیرانسانی، اصلاح تدریجی تعاملات مردم در سپهر عمومی و بهره‌گیری از نظریه‌هایی همچون شورا در ساختارهای سیاسی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Examining the Existential Aspects of Modern State Criticism with an Emphasis on Hannah Arendt's Political Thought
نویسنده [English]
- Sajjad Chitfroush
Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Revolution History, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The modern state is among the major political institutions that encompass all dimensions of human life. Despite its useful aspects, this institution, drawing from foundations that may diminish human freedom in its interaction with individuals, ultimately hinders the growth of human thought and the revelation of the true essence of humanity. The historical experience of Western countries and the subsequent spread of this thinking to other nations have led many thinkers to critically examine various aspects of the Modern State, aiming to reform and evolve it into a theoretical framework. One of the most important critics and theorists of the Modern State, adopting a humanistic approach, is Hannah Arendt.
Some of the most important research on the critique of the Modern state includes:
Steven E. Aschheim, in the book "Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem," examines Arendt's controversial views on the Eichmann trial and also discusses the nature of justice and the Modern State. The focus is primarily on the case study of Eichmann, without providing a comprehensive framework for Arendt's critical thinking on the existence of the Modern state.
Richard King, in the book "Arendt and America," analyzes Arendt's interaction with American political thought and critiques of the Modern State. The emphasis is on the political and societal features of America, with limited philosophical discussions.
Dana Villa, in "The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt" gathers articles from researchers addressing various aspects of Arendt's political philosophy, including her critique of the Modern state. However, direct critiques of Arendt on the Modern state are the focus of only one article, and the overall article leans more towards a review of Arendt's critiques without presenting a philosophical argument.
While foreign research on Arendt's critique of the Modern state differs from the present study in several aspects, the most notable differences lie in the lack of explicit attention to existential aspects of criticism and the relatively limited exploration of the pragmatic aspect and establishing a conceptual relationship between these two aspects in the research. Additionally, the presuppositions of researchers in geography-based or ideologically-specific research have not been explicitly stated, and interested readers can refer to the following sources for examples of such research.
Examining books and articles written about Arendt within the country also indicates limited research on government in her thought. One of these articles, titled "Politics and Existentialism" by Dr. Mostafa Younesi and Ali Tadayyon Rad, explores the connection between politics and existentialism through the discussion of "action" and considers the role of politics and government institutions in creating a space for human growth.
Another article, titled "Political Order in the Thought of Aristotle and Hannah Arendt and Critique of Its Place in the Present Era" by Seyed Javad Emam Jom'ehzadeh and Ali Tadayyon Rad, argues that political order in the modern era has found a different definition and, contrary to the past, where political order aimed at the excellence and happiness of society, current affairs are mundane and lack a metaphysical position in modern thought. The author aims to challenge modern political order through a reevaluation of Arendt's ideas.
Although foreign articles have extensively addressed Arendt's critiques of the Modern State, this study innovatively focuses on differentiating existential aspects from non-existential ones. The innovation lies in initially critiquing the political philosophy of the new West from Arendt's perspective and suggesting her alternative. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method, first refers to Arendt's most important texts and books to describe her intellectual method (with an emphasis on epistemological discussions). Subsequently, it highlights the main indicators of the Modern state and, as a research framework, compares them with Arendt's theoretical-political views. One of the most important indicators of the Modern state is the existence of a unified authority and power within a specific geographic area. Another important indicator is the control of violent instruments by the Modern State. This political structure implies that superior power is not in the hands of individuals but is entrusted to governance through the use of legal structures and norms. One of the significant indicators of the Modern state discussed in this research is the bureaucratic and administrative structure where individuals are placed at various administrative levels based on their interests and competence. Nevertheless, critics argue that in this space of Modern state and bureaucracy, the freedom of individuals is compromised.
This article attempts to present Hannah Arendt's criticism of the Modern state based on her impartial perspective on government. Typically, the prevailing view of government tends to be biased. Using Arendt's impartial perspective, Pierre Bourdieu argues that the characteristic of this institution is the struggle for power among groups and different interests, often hidden behind a façade of impartiality and objectivity. The article aims to emphasize the importance of political action and the public sphere for human freedom from Arendt's perspective, demonstrating how the Modern state has weakened these values. Additionally, the article explores the conceptual frameworks of civic virtue and individuals' need for participation in public life based on Arendt's views.
Another overlooked point in most domestic research is the examination of Arendt's critique of the Modern state at a macro level, i.e., the critique of the Modern state itself. Arendt's criticisms are often focused on a limited scale, examining actors within political systems such as totalitarianism. However, it is essential to recognize that these criticisms, even when specifically addressing certain types of political systems, are presented under a political system that exists in the modern context. Therefore, the present article innovatively addresses this aspect as well.
This research aims to critique this extensive and significant institution using Arendt's perspective. Findings based on Arendt's principles indicate that modern philosophy has led to the separation of theology from nature, the expansion of positivism, and the excessive growth of a form of individualism. This has resulted in the Modern state becoming an extensive and harsh authoritarian regime, dominating economic aspects over political and cultural facets of human life. Arendt suggests that the only way to reform this extensive, inefficient, and dehumanizing institution is through gradual reform of people's interactions in the public sphere and the utilization of theories such as councils in political structures.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Arendt
- Modern State
- Political Thought
فارسی
- آرنت، هانا (1398) خشونت، ترجمه عزت‌الله فولادوند، تهران، نشر خوارزمی
- آرنت، هانا (1400) توتالیتاریسم، ترجمه محسن ثلاثی، تهران، نشر ثالث
- آرنت، هانا (1400) وضع بشر، ترجمه مسعود علیا، تهران، نشر ققنوس
- آرنت، هانا (1397) انقلاب، ترجمه عزت‌ا... فولادوند، تهران، نشر خوارزمی
- آرنت، هانا (1400) انقلاب مجارستان، ترجمه کیومرث خواجویها، نشر آگاه
- آرنت، هانا (1399) آیشمن در اورشلیم؛ گزارشی در باب ابتذال بشر، ترجمه زهرا شمس، تهران، نشر برج
- آرنت، هانا (1399) حیات ذهن؛ تفکر، ترجمه مسعود علیا، تهران، نشر ققنوس
- آرنت، هانا (بی تا) انسان‌ها در عصر ظلمت، ترجمه مهدی خلجی
- آرنت، هانا (1396) بحران‌های جمهوریت، ترجمه امین عسکری‌زاده، تهران، گام‌نو
- آرنت، هانا (1392) میان گذشته و آینده؛ هشت تمرین در اندیشه سیاسی، ترجمه سعید مقدم، تهران، نشر اختران
- انصاری، منصور (1376) هانا آرنت و نقد فلسفه سیاسی، تهران، نشر مرکز
- بردشا، لی(1380) فلسفه سیاسی هانا آرنت، ترجمه خشایار دیهیمی، تهران، نشر طرح نو
- پدرام، مسعود (1388) سپهر عمومی روایتی دیگر از سیاست، نظریات آرنت و هابرماس، تهران، نشر یادآوران
- تایشمن، جنی (1379) فلسفه اروپایی در عصر نو، ترجمه محمد‌سعید حنایی کاشانی، تهران، نشر مرکز
- جهانبگلو، رامین (1358) هانا آرنت و سیاست مدرن، بخارا، شماره 58،صص 155-166
- هنسن، فیلیپ (1385) سیاست، تاریخ و تمدن از نظر آرنت، ترجمه فرزانه قوجلو، بخارا، شماره 58، صص 137-154
- امام جمعه زاده، سیدجواد و تدین راد، علی (1390) بررسی «امر سیاسی» در اندیشه ارسطو و هانا آرنت و نقد جایگاه این مفهوم در عصر حاضر، مطالعات سیاسی، دوره 3، شماره 12، صص 15-1
- یونسی، مصطفی و تدین راد، علی (1388) سیاست و اگزیستانسیالیسم: بررسی رویکرد هانا آرنت به مفهوم «عمل»، پژوهش سیاست نظری، شماره 6
References
Arendt H (1987). Labor, Work, Action. in: Bernauer S.J.J.W (eds) Amor Mundi. Boston College studies in Philosophy, vol 26. Springer, Dordreacht.
Aschheim, Steven E (2001). Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem, University of California Press.
- Benhabib, seyla (1996) the reluctant Modernism of Hannuah Arendt, London: saga Publication
- Bourdieu, Pierre (1994). Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field. Sociological Theory, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
- Buckler, S., & Sciabarra, C. M. (Eds.) (2005). Hannah Arendt and political theory: Challenging the tradition. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Canovan, M (1992). Hannah Arendt: A reinterpretation of her political thought. Cambridge University Press.
- Goldoni, M., & McCorkindale, C. (Eds.) (2012). Hannah Arendt and the law. Hart Publishing.
- Hill, Melvyn A (1979). Hannah Arendt, the recovery of the public world, St. Martin's Press.
- King, Richard H (2015). Arendt and America, University of Chicago Press.
- Mendieta, E. (2008). Hannah Arendt and the challenge of modernity: A phenomenology of human rights. Indiana University Press.
- Naím, Moisés(2014), The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States. Basic Books; Reprint edition.
- Villa, D. (Ed.) (2000). The Cambridge companion to Hannah Arendt. Cambridge University Press.
- Wayne f. Allen (1982). hanna h Arendt: existential phenomenology and political freedom. Philosophy and social criticism. VOL 9. Issue 2.
- Weisman, Tama (2013). Hannah Arendt and Karl Marx: On Totalitarianism and the Tradition of Western Political Thought, Lexington Books.
Translated References into English
- Arendt, Hannah (2019). Violence, translated by Ezzatollah Fooladvand, Tehran, Kharazmi Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2022). Totalitarianism, translated by Mohsen Salehi, Tehran, sales Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2022). The Human Condition, translated by Masoud Aliya, Tehran, Ghoghnoos Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2018). On Revolution, translated by Ezzatollah Fooladvand, Tehran, Kharazmi Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2022). The Hungarian Revolution, translated by Keyumars Khajouei, Agah Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2020). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, translated by Zahra Shams, Tehran, Borj Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2020). The Life of the Mind: Thinking, translated by Masoud Aliya, Tehran, Ghoghnoos Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (N/A). Men in Dark Times, translated by Mehdi Khalaji. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2017). Crises of the Republic, translated by Amin Askari-Zadeh, Tehran, Gam-e no Publication. [In Persian]
- Arendt, Hannah (2013). Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought, translated by Saeed Moghadam, Tehran, Akhtaran Publication. [In Persian]
- Ansari, Mansour (1997). Hannah Arendt and the Critique of Political Philosophy, Tehran, Markaz Publication. [In Persian]
- Bird, Lee (2002). Political Philosophy of Hannah Arendt, translated by Khashayar Deyhimi, Tehran, Tarh-e Now Publication. [In Persian]
- Pedram, Masoud (2010). Public Sphere: Another Narrative of Politics, Theories of Arendt and Habermas, Tehran, Yadavaran Publication. [In Persian]
- Teichman, Jenny (2000). European Philosophy in the Modern Era, translated by Mohammad Saeed Hanaii Kashani, Tehran, Markaz Publication. [In Persian]
- Jahanbegloo, Ramin (1979). Hannah Arendt and Modern Politics, Bukhara, No. 58, pp. 155-166. [In Persian]
- Hansen, Philip (2006). Politics, History, and Civilization from Arendt's Perspective, translated by Farzaneh Ghojlu, Bukhara, No. 58, pp. 137-154. [In Persian]
- Imam Jom’e Zadeh, Seyed Javad, and Tadayyon Rad, Ali (2011). Examination of "Political Action" in the Thoughts of Aristotle and Hannah Arendt and Critique of the Position of This Concept in the Present Age, Political Studies, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 1-15. [In Persian]
- Younesi, Mostafa, and Tadayyon Rad, Ali (2009). Politics and Existentialism: A Study of Hannah Arendt's Approach to the Concept of "Action," Theoretical Political Research, No. 6. [In Persian]
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