نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• علیرضا کوهکن

دانشیار روابط بین الملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هر جامعه مجموعه‌ای از گروه‌های متعدد با منافع متفاوت و گاه متضاد است که حرکت آن‌ها و جمع جبری تمایلاتشان باعث جهت‌دهی به دولت می‌شود. توضیح ساخت دولت ایالات‌متحده بر پایه گروه‌های نفوذ، یکی از مسائل بنیادی در شناخت نحوه عملکرد نظام سیاسی این کشور است و برای مداخله در تصمیم‌سازی و تغییر نگرش‌های عملیاتی آن ضروری است. از همین رو سؤال اصلی این نوشتار، چرایی اهمیت گروه‌های نفوذ در ساخت سیاسی دولت آمریکاست. این نوشتار، چرایی اهمیت گروه را بر اساس نظریه «آرتور بنتلی» با روش کیفی به شیوه علی و راهبرد پژوهش قیاسی توضیح می‌دهد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد گروه‌های ذی‌نفوذ مهم‌ترین واحد در تحلیل امور و روند سیاسی هستند. کنش گروهی در روابط میان گروه‌ها، روندی دائماً متغیر و دینامیک است که در آن نیروهای اجتماعی برای فشار آوردن به دولت برای اجرای خواسته‌هایشان تلاش می‌کنند. هیچ بخشی از حکومت در عرصه واقعی سیاست مصون از فشار گروه‌های مختلف نیست و این امر شامل دستگاه قضایی و دادگاه‌ها نیز می‌شود. ازاین‌رو، با داشتن درک صحیح از چگونگی عملکرد گروه‌های ذی‌نفوذ می‌توان نحوه اداره جامعه و ساخت سیاست را در ایالات‌متحده درک کرد که شامل سیاست خارجی نیز می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• گروه‌های ذی‌نفوذ
• سیاست
• ایالات‌متحده
• منافع
• نظریه بنتلی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Group-Based Understanding of Government in the United States (with emphasis on Bentley's theory)

نویسنده [English]

• Alireza Koohkan

Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

The dynamic and changing politics of the United States have been the focus of political researchers since the beginning of this country. Due to its new construction, the US did not benefit from the requirements of the old countries, hence, the way of its political action was different. Since the U.S. gained power in the world arena, how government policy is formed in the United States became important for the researchers of international relations. The opinions of prominent scholars show that one of the defensible theories in the political construction of the United States is based on the prominent role of groups in this field. Different groups or more precisely "interest groups" shape and manage all the elements of this policy. These groups are also responsible for the change of the political structure and the direction of internal and external policies. Attributing such importance to interest groups makes it necessary to explain the importance and the function of these groups in policy making in the United States. This issue forms the main structure of this article. Therefore, the main question of this article is why interest groups are important in the political construction of the American government. The current research tries to answer this question based on the opinions of "Arthur Bentley". For this reason, the present article has a theoretical approach and answers a fundamental question in the field of political construction. The correct understanding of the internal dynamism of politics in the United States is based on the correct understanding of this issue, and it is necessary to understand this process in order to change the internal policy of the United States. Bentley's main book called "The Process of Government" was written in the early 20th century. Bentley systematically theorized groups and trends from a political perspective for the first time. Interest groups are deeply rooted in both conflict and compromise over political decisions as well as historical changes in political systems. In order to answer the main question of this article, the materials have been categorized using the qualitative method, comparative research strategy and gathering data from documents and libraries. For this purpose, after a brief explanation about Bentley and his most important book, his views on the importance of interest groups in the political system of the United States are explained. At the end, the criticisms towards this perspective will be explained and the result of this theoretical research will be presented. Research findings show that interest groups act as a link between interests and decision makers. Studies of the policy process show that interest groups often play a central role in setting the government's agenda, options, influencing decisions, and directing the executive branch. In this regard, both the official structures and the informal structures of American politics provide a suitable base for influence groups. One of the features of the American system that increases their influence is the relative weakness of the political parties of the United States, which partly stems from the principle of separation of powers. A second feature of this system that encourages interest groups is the decentralization of political power to states and municipalities, known as a federal system or "federalism." Citizens' associations often begin at local levels in the states and later merge into national organizations. Therefore, decentralization leads to greater diversity and encourages interest groups. As a result, research shows that interest groups, in addition to influencing policy outcomes through direct lobbying, influence political attitudes and behaviors in various ways. Interest groups often respond directly to candidates, policies, or specific initiatives. In other words, while influencing political policies and decisions, interest groups influence the formation of votes and political behaviors of parties and political leaders and react to them.
The result of Bentley's theory in foreign policy is interesting. People become politically important only when they are members of a group, and groups become important when they perform activities. But political life is very complicated: There is no man who only is a member of one interest group, and there is no interest group that operates separately from other groups. The alliance between the groups is also very fragile and unstable. No part of the government in the real world of politics is immune from the pressure of different groups and this includes the judicial system and courts. Therefore, according to Bentley, liberal ideas that seek to create departments to pursue public interests and away from the pressure of large and powerful groups are doomed to failure.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• interest groups
• politics
• United States
• interests
• Bentley's theory