نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شاهد
چکیده
چکیده
سوال اصلی این مقاله آن است که چرا دولت رفاهی سرمایه‌داری در مغرب‌زمین از دیدگاه کلاوس افه با بحران مواجه می‌شود؟ روش به کار رفته در این مقاله تحلیل اسنادی است و لذا از کتب و مقالات کلاوس افه و نظریه‌پردازان مطرح در این حوزه برای توضیح نظرات وی استفاده شده است. از دیدگاه کلاوس افه، برخلاف دیدگاه‌های ساختارگرایانه و ابزارگرایانه، دولت رفاهی سرمایه‌داری در مغرب‌زمین از استقلال نسبی برخوردار است و به صورت داوری مستقل در مبارزات طبقاتی در فرآیند انباشت سرمایه ظاهر می‌شود. ولی کارکردهای متعارض این دولت، آن را دچار بحران می‌سازد. به این ترتیب دولت از یک سو نباید در فرآیند انباشت سرمایه دخالت کند، اما در عین حال باید فرآیند انباشت را تضمین کند و به تقاضاهای طبقات بورژوازی پاسخ گوید. همچنین دولت باید هزینه‌های عظیم بوروکراسی دولت را از فرآیند انباشت تأمین نماید و لذا به فرآیند انباشت وابسته است. اما از سوی دیگر دولت برای جلب رضایت طبقات فرودست باید سیاست‌های رفاهی و توزیعی در پیش گیرد و کارکرد تضمین انباشت سرمایۀ خود را انکار و استتار نماید تا مشروعیتش حفظ شود. چون این کارکردها با هم متعارض هستند، لذا دولت رفاهی با بحران مواجه می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Crisis of the Capitalist Welfare State: An Analysis of the Views of Claus Offe
نویسنده [English]
- Abbas Keshavarz Shokri
Associate Professor, Department of political Science, Shahed Uniyersity
چکیده [English]
The main question of this paper is that why capitalist welfare state faces crisis. This question will be discussed from Claus Offe’s point of view. The method of this research is documentary research. Therefore Claus Offe and other main theorists’ books and articles, like Martin Carnoy, John Keane, Clyde Barrow and Leon Lindberg are used for explaining Claus Offe’s opinions.
For Offe, in capitalist societies the state develops in response to periodic crises arising from the basic contradiction in capitalist production: the increasing socialization of production and continuing private appropriation. These crises give rise to development of adaptive mechanisms both internal to the market (oligopolization and monopolization) and through expanded state functions. Offe sees the state as a mediator of capitalist crises or as a crisis manager. In this context, he addresses two fundamental issues: First, what is the relationship of the state to dominant capitalist class, that how it is guaranteed that the state will represent the social interest of capital, while at the same time appearing to be a neutral arbitrator of competition among capitals and between capital and labor. Second, what are the limits imposed on the state's crisis-management functions by inherent necessity to reproduce capitalist relations of production.
Findings of this article are that: Claus Offe rejects two principal theories of the class nature of the state: instrumentalism and structuralism. Offe believes that any particular state policy, serves a particular interest of the state, rather than the class interest as a whole. The capitalist state must and will fulfill four functions to reproduce itself. This is what guarantees its class-specific selectiveness. These four functions are: First, the state cannot order production or control it. State cannot initiate noncumulative production in private enterprises. Second, the actors of the state apparatus depend for their survival upon resources derived from the private accumulation process. Third, the state therefore not only has the authority but the mandate to sustain and create conditions of accumulation. Finally, the state has to conceal and deny the three above functions. These contradictory functions will lead to crisis of the state.
Offe's capitalist state cannot resolve economic crises in a permanent way. Although called upon to intervene in the capital accumulation process in a way that will preserve capitalist relations of production and willing – through its own institutional interest - but to do so, it is beset by the interests of individual capitalist obstructing this intervention, and by the demands of the working class and other labor constituencies on whom it relies for its source of power. The state is constantly trying to fulfill its capital accumulation function while maintaining its legitimacy. The contradiction – the functional need to pursue systematic needs of an economic and power structure which successfully resists the fulfillment of those needs - explains why reformist policies of the capitalist state seem to display the cyclical pattern of motion in which no point of balance, compromise or equilibrium is arrived at.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Keywords: Claus Offe’s theory
- crisis of the State
- Welfare state
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