نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فریبرز ارغوانی پیرسلامی ¹
• سجاد کریمیان ²

¹ عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه شیراز

² دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد روابط بین الملل دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

ارتقای قدرت چین در نظم بین‌المللی موجود گمانه‌های بسیاری را در خصوص رویکرد و نگاه آن به ماهیت نظم بین‌المللی مطلوب به وجود آورده است. با توجه به تلاش هر قدرت نوظهور برای انطباق نظم بین‌المللی متناسب با منافع و آرمان‌های خویش، شناخت رویکرد چین به نظم بین‌المللی به‌ویژه در سده بیست و یکم از اهمیت برخوردار است. این مقاله با بازشناسی مفهوم «هماهنگی» به‌عنوان مرکز ثقل نظام فکری و اندیشگی چین، واکاوی چیستی و ماهیت رویکرد چین به نظم بین‌المللی را ذیل این مفهوم هدف خود قرار داده است. بر این اساس، این مقاله با طرح این پرسش که نظم بین‌المللی چینی ذیل مفهوم هماهنگی چگونه و با چه ماهیت و مختصاتی قابل‌شناسایی است؟ ضمن نشان دادن برآمدن مفهوم هماهنگی از مهم‌ترین مکاتب فکری چین یعنی کنفوسیوسیم و تائوئیسم بر این نظر است که نظم چینی در بستر سده بیست و یکم فراتر از نگاه یکسان‌انگار به نظام بین‌المللی به دنبال تحقق تعادل و هماهنگی‌ای است که از طریق به رسمیت شناختن تفاوت‌ها حاصل می‌شود؛ به‌بیان‌دیگر هماهنگی زمانی محقق می‌شود که تفاوت‌ها پذیرفته شده و همکاری و رقابت محور تعاملات باشد. یافته‌های این پژوهش که با روش توصیفی-تبیینی و از دل واکاوی مکاتب فکری چین و مصادیق آن در جهان واقع به دست آمده نشان می‌دهد که معنای نظم از منظر هماهنگی با آنچه در نظم غربی مدنظر است متفاوت است. به رسمت شناختن تفاوت‌ها، احترام برای ارزش‌های دیگری، اصالت همکاری در مقابل تنازع و رقابت از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های این نظم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• هماهنگی
• نظم چینی
• نظم بین‌المللی
• سیاست خارجی
• روابط بین‌الملل

موضوعات

• روابط بین الملل

عنوان مقاله [English]

Chinese Harmony and International Order in the 21st century

نویسندگان [English]

• Fariborz Arghavani Pirsalami ¹
• Sajjad karimian ²

¹ Shiraz University

² Tehran University

چکیده [English]

One of the most important attentions to international affairs as well as the category of power and order is giving importance to ideas, values and concepts. The importance of ideas, values and concepts in formulating and presenting the best options for order creation in the international arena is always considered. In this context, values, concepts and intellectual ideals act as raw materials for building the international order. With Deng Xiaopeng coming to power and adopting a different foreign policy, China's economic growth dazzled the eyes. As a result of economic growth, China's military growth accelerated. In recent years, these two fields have attracted so much attention of international relations researchers that the third field, namely Chinese culture, is on the sidelines of international attention and is paid less attention to it. Considering the increasing power of this country and also being among the great international powers, the importance of the ideas, thoughts and ideals of this country in building order is taken into consideration.
According to what was said, what are China's ideals and ideals for the desired order of this country? Paying attention to ancient history and thought in this country is one of the basic requirements to answer this question. When China's long and deep history turns its pages, one of the most important and basic ideas of Chinese human life is the category of "harmony". This issue is so broad and deep that it is not far from reality if I say that the central signifier of social discourse in China is the concept of "harmony". Accordingly, the main research question is what is the nature of Chinese international order under the concept of coordination? In other words, how does the concept of coordination shape the Chinese international order? This article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and using intellectual propositions in the context of Chinese history, asserts that the Chinese order does not seek uniformity and pursues a balance achieved through recognizing differences. Therefore, the Chinese international order reflects this meaning in the international system.
Chinese worldview is a unique and exceptional worldview among the attitudes of different people in today's world. Apart from the five thousand years of historical continuity of China, in the philosophical perspective of this country, there is no existence of a creator that is outside of world creation. This feature makes this worldview completely naturalistic, self-sufficient and self-generating. Accordingly, good and evil do not exist in the mental geometry of Chinese people, and instead there is balance and harmony in contrast to disharmony. Balance has been the guiding light of man and Chinese society throughout the history of this society, and this harmony has emerged as the central sign of various thoughts in China. One of the most important of these ideas is Confucius and Taoism, which is several thousand years old.
According to Confucius, the main goal of government is to create harmony, and the last step in achieving this goal is to achieve harmony at the global level. The three basic principles of moral force, empathic understanding and harmony with differences were recognized as the foundations of creating harmony in the international arena. Taoism, like Confucius, pays special attention to the concept of harmony and order. However, Taoism has a different view on the category of harmony and interprets it as cosmic. In this view, the category of order has a place to organize order in the cosmic system. The important and common Taoist principles are isolation, simplicity and harmony with nature.
The emphasis of Chinese culture is on fostering harmony not only between different people, but also between people and the fundamental world. The four basic characteristics of harmony are balance in the whole, harmony in difference, order in complexity, and unity in diversity. It was on this basis that certain viewpoints were created to explain and describe the category of harmony in Chinese philosophy, which had a special application in the field of domestic and foreign politics, and therefore are highly contextual and historical. Based on this, the representation of the concept of harmony and social balance in the political sphere of China can be seen in the creation of political constructions such as the Son of Heaven, a strong family system and orderly social hierarchies. These structures, which have always declined and risen for many years, are not the only representations of the concept of harmony emanating from Confucian and Taoist thoughts in China's domestic political sphere. The history of China's political history makes it clear that China has been characterized by the growth and expansion of the hierarchical structure and the formation of the Confucian bureaucracy and, as a result, a powerful political system. In general, the ontology of Chinese man and all aspects of his social and individual life cannot be imagined outside of the concept of under the sky. Accordingly, the inclusion of the concept of harmony includes all areas of Chinese human life.
In the Chinese intellectual geometry and the concept of harmony arising from mutual recognition and deepening it is not to meet needs but to create harmony and prevent distance from a balanced world. Based on this, it can be said that order based on demand from the concept of hegemony and geometry in Chinese thought is fundamentally different from Western order in terms of ontology and epistemology, and its nature and essence does not seek to create uniformity and equalization; Rather, it seeks to recognize diversity and at the same time build a world based on mutual understanding. Based on this, it can be concluded that from the point of view of the geometry of Chinese thought and harmony, the role of China is benign. In this way, according to the aforementioned, this country seeks to create a balance at the world level with an emphasis on harmony.
Based on the Chinese point of view, order should be based on the deep expansion of China's relations with all countries of the world. In such a way that the final result of these relations should lead to the improvement of the level of world peace and prosperity. Another characteristic of this type of international relations is that it leads to the production of power relations for each side of these relations. The most important examples of promoting coordination and balance in China's international order in the fields of institutions, security and international economy are the Belt and Road Initiative, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Asian Development and Infrastructure Bank. In terms of rules and regulations and the degree of China's presence and authority in them, each of them reflects the category of international coordination and the resulting order in the international arena.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• coordination
• Chinese order
• international order
• foreign policy
• international relations