Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Asistant Profesor, Department of Political Sciences, Yazd University
Abstract
Most of the foreign policy analysts believe that president Obama has neglected the importance of Middle East region in the US foreign policy. They argue that the most important sign of this ignorance is non military intervention in Middle East region’s revolutionary states by the US. But contrary to this viewpoint the main assumption of this essay on the basis of the sociological approaches of International Relations is that president Obama as the rational actor as the result of complex learning instead of simple learning tried to socialize the revolutionary states in Middle East region on the basis of convincing and explaining but not military intervention. The first part of this paper talks about socialization and the second part about hegemon and revolutionary states. The third part is about the foreign policy of the United States in the period of president Obama. This paper ends with a conclusion. Data and information in this paper are gathered from different essays and the internet. This paper assumes that socialization in international relations is very important and foreign policy analysts and theorists of international relations should attend to this subject.
Keywords
استیل، برنت جی. (1392). امنیت هستی‌شناختی در روابط بین‌الملل، ترجمه جلال دهقانی فیروزآبادی؛ فرزاد رستمی و محمدعلی قاسمی، تهران: مطالعات راهبردی.
آیکنبری، جی. جان. (1383). تنها ابرقدرت: هژمونی آمریکا در قرن 21، ترجمه عظیم فضلی‌پور، تهران: ابرار.
برگر، پیتر و توماس لوکمان. (1378). ساخت اجتماعی واقعیت، ترجمه فریبرز مجیدی، تهران: انتشارات علمی فرهنگی.
بوزان، بری. (1390). ایالات متحده و قدرت‌های بزرگ، ترجمه عبدالمجید حیدرپور، تهران: مطالعات راهبردی.
بولتون، جان. (1393). «اداره سیاست خارجی آمریکا دست کودکان افتاده است»، قابل دسترسی در http://www. irdiplomacy. ir.
پوراحمدی، حسین و اصغر منصوریان. (1393). «تغییرات سیاست خارجی آمریکا و تحولات خاورمیانه»، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، سال 17، (ش 66)، صص 104-126.
چگینی زاده، غلام علی و نادر پورآخوندی. (1393). «جامعه‌پذیری دولت در نظریه های روابط‌بین‌الملل»، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، سال 17، ش 65، صص136-167.
فریدمن، لارنس و سرینات راگاوان. (1390). «اجبار»، در پل دی ویلیامز، درآمدی بر بررسی‌های امنیت، ترجمه علی رضا طیب، تهران: امیرکبیر.
گریفیتس، مارتین. (1388). دانشنامه روابط بین‌الملل و سیاست جهان، تهران: نشر نی.
محمودی، محسن؛ گودرزی، سهیل. (1391). «سیاست نرم‌افزاری ایالات متحده در خاورمیانه: مقایسه جورج بوش و باراک اوباما»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، سال 26، (ش 2)، صص 438- 461.
مشیرزاده، حمیرا؛ جعفری، هرمز. (1391). «قدرت هژمون و دولت‌های انقلابی: مطالعه موردی آمریکا و جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، فصلنامه روابط خارجی، سال 4، (ش 1)، صص 47- 78.
نوذری، حسین‌علی. (1386). بازخوانی هابرماس، تهران: چشمه.
هولاب، رابرت. (1388). یورگن هابرماس: نقد در حوزه عمومی، ترجمه حسین بشیریه. تهران: نشرنی.
یوبرگر، تامس. (1390). «هنجارها، هویت و امنیت ملی در آلمان و ژاپن» در پیتر کاتزنشتاین، فرهنگ امنیت ملی: هنجارها و هویت در سیاست جهانی، ترجمه هادی سمتی، تهران: مطالعات راهبردی.
Abu Arshid, Osama. (2014). “The Obama Administration’s Foreign Policy: Balancing Isolationist Tendencies and Pressures for External Intervention”, Available at: http://www. Arab Center for Research and Policy.
Armstrong, David. (1993). Revolution and World Order. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Cox, R. (1981). “Social Forces, States and World Orders,” Millennium, Vol. 10, No. 2, PP. 126-155.
Falk, R. (2011). “Global Leadership: American Retreat”, Available at: http://www Foreign Policy Journal. Com.
Geges, Fawaz. A. (2013). “The Obama approach to the Middle East: the end of America’s moment”, International Affairs, Vol. 89: 2, PP. 299–323.
Giddenes, Anthony. (1991). Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Gilpin, Robert. (1981). War and Change in World Politocs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goldberg, Jeffrey. (March 2, 2012). “Obama to Iran and Israel: As President of the United States, I Don't bluff'”, The Atlantic, Available at: http://www. theatlantic. com/international/archive/2012/03/obama-to-iran-and-israel-as president-of-the-united-states-i-dont-bluff/253875/.
Goodman Ryan& Derek Jinks. (2005). "International Law and State Socialization: Empirical, Conceptual, and Normative Challenges", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3. PP 98-129.
Habermas, Jurgen. (1987). the Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Volume II, Trans. Thomas McCarthy, London: Heinemenn.
Ikenberry G. John and Charles A. Kupchan. (1990). “Socialization and Hegemonic Power”. International Organization, Vol. 44, No. 3.
Katzenstein, Peter. (2009). “Introduction: Domasticate and International Forces and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy”. International Organization, PP. 587-606.
Keohane, R. (1980). “The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economy Regime”, in Holsti, Changes in International System. Boulder Co: West view Press.
Levy, Jack. (1994). “Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a conceptual Minefield”. International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2, PP. 279-312.
Levy, Jack. (2008). “Deterrence and Coercive Diplomacy: The Contributions of Alexander George”. Political Psychology, Vol. 29 (4), PP. 537-552.
Manning, Morgan. (2001). “Iran –USA cultural relation”, 29 Aug, N12.
Mastanduno, Michael. (2008).”Economic Statecraft”, in Steve Smith and et al, (Eds) Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Melloan, George. (2014). “Obama's Foreign-Policy Failures Go Far beyond Iraq”, Available at: http://online. wsj. com/articles/george-melloan-obamas-foreign-policy-failures-go-far-beyond-iraq-1403823564.
Michaud, Kriss& Joe Buccino& Stephen Chenelle. (2014). “The Impact of Domestic Shale Oil Production on U. S. Military Strategy and its Implications for U. S. -China Maritime Partnership”, Smallwars Journal, Available at: http://smallwarsjournal.com.
Muni, S. D& Vivek Chadha. (2014). Asian Strategic Review 2014: US Pivot and AsianSecurity, PENTAGON PRESS, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, pdf.
North, Robert& Choucri Nazil. (1975). Nations in Conflicts: National Growth and International Violence. San Francisco: Calif, WH Freeman.
Nye, Joseph. (1987). “Nuclear Learning and U. S. -Soviet Security Regimes”. International Organization, Vol. 41, No. 3.
Obama, Barack. (2010-2012-2015). “The National Security Strategy of the United States of America”. Washington, D. C, The White House, Available at: http://www. rand. org.
Obama, Barack. (2011). “Remakes by the President on the Middle East and North Africa”, (Speech Washington, D. C), Available at: http://www Whitehouse. gov.
Obama, Barak. (2010). “Renewing American Leadership”. Foreign Affairs, July-August.
Pranger, Robert. (2009). “American Foreign Policy: Type’s, Choices, Futures, and Priorities”. Mediterranean Quarterly, XX: 1.
Rodham, Clinton. (2010). “Leading Through Civilian Power Redefining American Diplomacy and Development”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 6.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. (2000). “International Socialization in the New Europe: Rational Action in an Institutional Environment”. European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 1. PP 105-131.
Schweller, Randall L. (2014). “China’s Aspirations and the Clash of Nationalisms in East Asia: A Neoclassical Realist Examination”. International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, Vol. 23. 2.
Walt, Stephen. (2007). “Beyond Bin Laden, Reshaping U. S Foreign Policy”. International Policy, Vol. 26, No. 37.
Walt, Stephen. (2011). “The End of the American Era”. The National Interest, No. 3, PP. 6-16.
Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U. S. Intelligence Community. (2013). Office of Director of National Intelligence. Available at: http://www. dni. gov/index. php.
)