Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Morteza Alavian ¹
• ali ebrahimi ²

¹ Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Mazandaran

² university of mazandaran

Abstract

It is generally argued that after the victory of the revolution, the group of opponents, including the survivors of the former regime, usually line up with the help and organization of foreign powers against the revolution. Considering the political and social process of revolutions, they can be seen as a set of three periods of destruction of the former regime, the transition period from the pre-revolutionary political order to the post-revolutionary political order and the era of creating a new order. The second phase, i.e. the period of transition from the pre-revolutionary political system to the post-revolutionary political system, is one of the turbulent and eventful phases of the revolution. The absence of an efficient government, as well as the widespread presence of conflicting groups and organizations, as well as the accompanying revolutionary and intense emotions of the masses with the restless and tense conditions of this era, cause huge incidents and chaotic events. Each of the claimant groups present in the scene with different interests and goals, while taking advantage of the wide presence of the disorganized groups in the society, they try to play the biggest role in determining the main trend of the society by attracting their support. A successful revolution has two stages: the stage of political mobilization and political participation, in which heterogeneous groups participate in overthrowing the ruling regime as a common enemy and pursue the common goal of changing the ruling political regime; Therefore, they put aside their ideological and political differences temporarily, but after the overthrow of the ruling political system, differences may and will appear. Therefore, every complete revolution has a second stage, which is the creation and institutionalization of a new political organization. The measure of the success of a revolution is the authority and stability of the institutions that the revolution creates. Of course, some revolutions in the world could not create durable regimes and failed.
In the past decades, many thinkers have dealt with issues such as the causes, trends and results of revolutions in a scattered manner in scientific fields. The features that were once a structured and focused sub-section in the researches related to some major revolutions in different continents of the world, which in this research, are about Islam-oriented movements in terms of political sociology in the countries of Iran and Egypt. It is determined. A clear and common point is the role of Islamist forces in the victory of both the Iranian and Egyptian revolutions and their efforts to establish Islamic order in both countries. As far as the Islamic movement of the Muslim Brotherhood with its political nature and based on Sharia and Sunni religion in Egypt and Shia political Islamist clergy in Iran have had different results in the post-revolutionary process. In fact, in the post-revolutionary conditions, developments took place that led to the stabilization and continuation of Islamists in Iran and their failure in Egypt. Therefore, the main question of the present article, insisting on the theory of the fourth generation of the Goldstone revolution, is what were the reasons for the continuation and failure of the Iranian and Egyptian revolutions in the post-revolutionary conditions? It seems that the fluctuation between the coherence or the weakness of the Islamist ideology in the countries of Iran and Egypt in the domestic and foreign fields, especially the political legitimacy of the ruling system, the social mobilization of the opposition, the reaction of the elites, especially the armed forces, and finally the role Foreign powers caused us to witness their continuation or failure in the post-revolutionary situation.
The results of the research show that due to the difference in the methods and approaches of stabilizing the revolution, different results emerged in the continuation and failure of the Islamists of Iran and Egypt. So that due to the coherence of Islamic ideology in Iran, we have witnessed the stabilization of the revolution. But in the Egyptian revolution, due to the weakness of the Islamic ideology, we witnessed the intervention of foreign powers, the intervention of the army and secular parties, which resulted in the failure and decline of the Islamist ideology. So that it can be argued, the continuation of Islamists in post-revolutionary conditions and their failure in Egypt should be considered in the nature of the religious institution and its power in both countries. As far as the religious ideology in Iran, it was involved in the revolution and its leadership and established its legitimacy on the ashes of the Shah's government. In Egypt, the religious establishment clashed with the Brotherhood system and stood against it on June 30, 2013, declaring its support for the national government led by al-Sisi, which was rooted in the life and patriotic nature of Egyptians. The Brotherhood's rise to power, rather than achieving an ideological victory, was a product of normal and calculable power politics, including coalition building, political maneuvers, and appeasement of various interests and power centers in society. This required a lot of compromise on ideological and religious principles. The Muslim Brotherhood also inflated the political component of its Islamist mission. Political power, instead of social Islamization based on changing people's hearts and minds, became the main goal of the movement. In other words, the Brotherhood could not institutionalize itself as the Egyptian version of the Iranian Islamists who established their Islamic state by gaining social hegemony. However, there are other key ideological differences. In particular, the Muslim Brotherhood rejects revolutionary tactics to gain power. Instead, the group has sought to build political influence through elections, while at the same time stressing to Western powers skeptical of the group's goals that it opposes the establishment of an Iranian model of Islamic rule.

Keywords

• Islamists
• post-revolution
• Iran
• Egypt
• theory of the fourth generation of the Goldstone revolution

Main Subjects

• Political Science