Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Problem: The continuation and increasing intensification of the Contentious politics in contemporary Iran, which is an endless revolutions chain, coups, movements, uprisings, and political rebellions, have shown questions about the grounds and roots of this type of politics. In existing studies, the roots of political conflicts in Iran have been attributed either to the state or social cleavages. As far as the role of the state is concerned, it is usually focused on its structural aspects. This article omits the discussion about the structure of the state and focuses only on the functioning of the state
Question: The question of the article is: What is the relationship between the continuation and intensification of Contentious politics in contemporary Iran with the practical priorities and orientations of the state in different periods of the contemporary Iranian history?
Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the article is that the continuation and intensification of the Contentious politics has been caused by the imbalances and crises caused by the practical priorities and orientations of the state in different periods of contemporary Iranian history.
Method: In this article, the method of secondary analysis of historical data is used. Based on the data available in the historical sources, first, the process of the state's performance and priorities in different periods of contemporary history have been identified. Second, the process of accumulation of conflicts and conflicts arising from these performance and priorities has been shown. Third, the relationship between the two mentioned trends is shown. Finally, by using the "ideal type" method, an attempt has been made to design and present a model of the state, which seems to be able to reverse the process of conflict politics in Iran and lead to reconciliation politics.
Findings: The findings of the research indicate that over the last two centuries, five different models of state (in terms of orientation and performance) have been effective, which are: self-rebuilding state, nation-building state, developmental state, redistributor state and expansionist state. Of course, this does not mean that the ruling states have only one of these functions at any time; Rather, there has often been some kind of overlap in two or three functions, but at each point, one orientation and function has been the priority and focus of the state's attention. "Self-rebuilding state" appeared in a defective and discrete form during the Qajar era, but in a serious and effective way in the first decade of Reza shah’s rule (1921-40). The "nation-building state" also emerged weakly in the years after the constitutional movement, but seriously and effectively in the last decade of the Reza shah’s rule (1931-41). "Developmental state" emerged faintly in the second decade of Reza shah’s rule (1931-41), and seriously and effectively in the last fifteen years of Mohammad Reza shah’s rule (1962-78), and in the years after The Islamic revolution also took place in some periods such as the presidency of Rafsanjani (1989-96). The "redistributive state" appeared faintly in the last fifteen years of Mohammad Reza shah’s rule (1962-78) and more seriously and effectively in the first decade after the Islamic revolution (1979-88). Finally, the "expansionist state" appeared first in the last years of Mohammad Reza King’s rule (1973-78) and then more seriously and widely in the years after the revolution, especially in the last two decades (2001-2022).
Analysis and Discussion: The analysis of the findings of the article showed that: in each of these five models of state, although they had some progress in realizing their main goals and priorities, but in addition to the historical delay in the desired orientation, there were failures in the same orientation. Selecting of the orientations have resulted of disproportionate strategies and policies by each of these states has also created new problems, conflicts and criticisms. In other words, the five patterns of the state have created a vicious cycle of crises, conflicts, instabilities and political violence and a chain of interruptions and breaks in the process of political, social and economic developments and It has resulted in the accumulation of crises in today’s Iran.
Conclusion: The results of the article showed that the way out of the current state of Iran is the establishment of a state Patterns that can be called a "conciliatory state". Such a state must first of all emerge from within a comprehensive social contract. Then, based on democratic and efficient institutional arrangements and a coherent legal system, the main priority and goal should be to solve the conflicts affecting the country. This state should accept pluralism and competitive mechanisms in different political, economic, social and cultural fields. This state instead of authoritarian interventions in different fields, should be the guardian of territorial integrity and people's security, and only where the competitive mechanisms face problems with inadequacies and conflict of interest, it should intervene in the framework of democratic laws and mechanisms to compensate for, settle differences and conflicts Resolution, and establish and reproduce social balance and political stability.
Keywords
الف) فارسی
- آبراهامیان، یرواند (1377) ایران بین دو انقلاب، ترجمه احمد گل‌محمدی و محمد ابراهیم فتاحی. تهران: نی
- ارشدی، علی؛ عبدالعلی کریمی (1392) بررسی وضعیت فقر مطلق در ایران در سالهای برنامه اول تا چهارم توسعه. مجله سیاستهای راهبردی و کلان. شماره 1 بهار صص.64-35
- اشرف، احمد (1359) موانع تاریخی رشد بورژوازی در ایران ( دوره قاجاریه). تهران : زمینه.
- آندرسون، پری (1390) تبارهای دولت استبدادی. ترجمه حسن مرتضوی.تهران: ثالث
- حاج یوسفی، امیرمحمد (1377) «استقلال نسبی دولت یا جامعه مدنی در جمهوری اسلامی» فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی. شماره 2 (زمستان) 94-62
- اورس، تیلمان (1362) ماهیت دولت در جهان سوم. ترجمه بهروز توانمند. تهران: آگاه
- خواجه‌نائینی، علی؛ عطار، سعید (1394) «بررسی و تحلیل عوامل موثر بر ناکارآمدی نظام سیاست‌گذاری در ایران» سیاست‌گذاری عمومی. دوره 1 شماره 1 (بهار) 20-1
- دلاوری ابوالفضل (1378) بررسی ریشههای خشونت و بیثباتی سیاسی در ایران. رساله دکتری علوم سیاسی . تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
- دلفروز، محمدتقی (1400) دولت و توسعه اقتصادی، اقتصاد سیاسی توسعه در ایران و دولتهای توسعهگرا. تهران: آگاه
- راغفر حسین و همکاران (1389) نابرابری‌ها در آیینه پژوهش. تهران: دانشگاه شاهد
- رفیع پور، فرامرز (1392) توسعه و تضاد: کوششی در جهت تحلیل انقلاب اسلامی و مسائل اجتماعی ایران. تهران: شرکت سهامی انتشار
- سرزعیم، علی (1395) پوپولیسم ایرانی. تهران: کرگدن
- سوداگر، محمد (1369) رشد روابط سرمایهداری در ایران: مرحله گسترش (1357-1342). تهران: شعله اندیشه.
- سیفزاده، حسین؛ مرتضویان، علی؛ دلاوری، ابوالفضل. (1388) در سیفزاده، حسین (مولف) پانزده مدل در نوسازی، توسعه و دگرگونی سیاسی. تهران: قومس
- عظیمی، حسین (1391) اقتصاد ایران؛ توسعه، برنامه‌ریزی، سیاست و فرهنگ، به کوشش خسرو نورمحمدی، تهران: نشر نی،
- ------------ (1383) مدارهای توسعه‌نیافتگی در اقتصاد ایران. تهران: نشر نی
- عظیمی، فخرالدین (1372) بحران دموکراسی در ایران. ترجمه عبدالرضا هوشنگ مهدوی و بیژن نوذری. تهران: البرز
- فتاحی، سجاد (1400) ایران و مسأله پایداری: دیباچهای بر طراحی و تحلیل سیستمهای حکمرانی، تهران: مهراندیش
- فروند، ژولین (1368) جامعهشناسی ماکس وبر. ترجمه عبدالحسین نیکگهر. تهران: رایزن
- فوران، جان (1377) مقاومت شکننده، تاریخ تحولات اجتماعی ایران از صفویه تا سالهای اولیه پس از انقلاب اسلامی. ترجمه احمد تدین. تهران: رسا
- قاسمی، علیاصغر (1393) «تبیین نسبت شکافهای اجتماعی و وحدت ملی در ایران». پژوهش سیاست نظری. شماره 16 (پاییز و زمستان) 212-165
- قنواتی، نسرین؛ مجید وحید، احمد ساعی و سید علیرضا ازغندی (1396) «بازتولید ساختار رانتی در ایران» مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگداری عمومی (فصلنامه مرکز بررسیهای استراتژیک) دوره 7. شماره 25. 221-203.
- کاتوزیان، همایون (1372) اقتصاد سیاسی ایران. ترجمه محمد رضا نفیسی و کامبیز عزیزی. تهران: مرکز
- لفت ویچ، آندریان (1400) دولتهای توسعهگرا. ترجمه جواد افشارکهن. تهران: پیله.
- مرکز بررسیهای استراتژیک ریاست جمهوری(1396) گزارش صد چالش بزرگ کشور در سال 1396، تهران: مرکز بررسیهای استراتژیک ریاست جمهوری
- نیاکوئی، امیر (1393) «جامعه شناسی منازعات سیاسی در ایران (انتخابات 1388)»، پژوهشنامه علوم سیاسی. شماره 37 (زمستان) 230-199.
- وبر، ماکس (1384) روش شناسی علوم اجتماعی. ترجمه حسن چاوشیان. تهران:مرکز
- هالیدی، فرد (1358) دیکتاتوری و توسعه سرمایهداری در ایران. ترجمه فضلالله نیک آیین. تهران: امیرکبیر
- هوگلند، اریک جیمز (1398) زمین و انقلاب در ایران : 1360- 1340 . ترجمه فیروزه مهاجر. تهران: شیرازه.
ب) انگلیسی
- Akhavi, shahrough (1980) Religion and politics in contemporary Iran: Clergy-state relation in the pahlavi period. Albany: State university of New York Press.
- Bakhash, S. (1978) Iran: Monarchy, Bureaucracy and Reform under the Qajars. London: Ithaca Press.
- Banani, Amin (1961) The Modernazation of Iran: 1921-1941. Stanford Univarsity press.
33- Becke, Johannes (2019) “Varieties of expansionism: A comparative-historical approach to the study of state expansion and state contraction” Political GeographyVolume 72. (June) 64-75
- Bill, James Allen (1972) The politics of Iran: Groups, Classes and Modernization. Colombus, Ohio: charles E.merill publishing Co.
- Farhi, F. & Lotfian, S. (2012) “Iran's Post-Revolution Foreign Policy Puzzle” available at: < https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199937479.003.0004
- Farzanegan Mohammad Reza (2022) “Corruption and Internal War in Iran” Economic Research Forum. Available At: <https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2022/08/29/corruption-internal-conflict-iran/
- Gohardani, F. and Tizro, Z. (2019) Political Economy of Iran; Development, Revolution and Political violence. Palgrave Macmillan
- James, Paul (1996) Nation Formation, Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. SAGE Publication ltd.
- Kuhnle, S. & Sander, A. (2010) The Emergence of the Western Welfare State. Available At < https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579396.003.0005
- Linz, Johan (2009) State building and nation building. Published online by Cambridge University Press
- Rahimi, Alireza (2018) “Nation Building Stratigies and Uneven Development in Iran” Strategy Studies Quarterly, V. 20. N. 4(April) 65-102.
- Tilly, Charles (2005) Contentious Performances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43- Vincent, Mahler; David, Jesuit (2004) State Redistribution in Comparative Perspective: A Cross-National Analysis of the Developed Countries Work Paper LIS Working Paper Series, No. 392, Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), Luxembourg. Available At <http// https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/95456/1/472646427.pdf
)