Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Political Science Department, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Student, Department of Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In this article, the aim was to explain the category of "political trust" and how it is created and accumulated in relation to "social capital". In this approach, trust as one of the components of social capital is not an inherent characteristic of individuals but an aspect of the conditions and environment in which individuals act. Thus, the source of social capital creation will vary in different societies with different levels of development. Long-standing traditions, local beliefs, and the efficiency of the political system, each alone or in combination, can be the source of social capital. The main argument of the present article is that only the kind of social capital that can create a lasting "political trust" that is born of the "good governance" model; Because this model, beyond "government", includes "civil society" and "capable individual-citizen" Which, by creating social capital in macro, medium and micro dimensions of the social system as a whole, indirectly lays the foundation for civil and rational political trust. In other words, only that type of social capital which is the product of corruption control, "rule of law", "responsibility", "transparency", external effectiveness, internal efficiency and free flow of information from the ruling political system can generate a kind of Political trust should be active and effective, and such factors are possible only in the light of a type of governance called "good governance". In this sense, good governance as a model consisting of an efficient government, an active civil society and individual empowerment and the dynamics of the private sector can be a generator of a special type of social capital with a civil and rational nature that is the necessary platform for provide stable "political trust".  In this structure, the relationships between governance components are horizontal and parallel. The components are mutually related to each other and the relationship is such that synergy and unity among actors is established in the drawing of macro-strategies. That is, in this sector, the structure of good governance is not hierarchical and its art is the interaction between social forces, i.e. market, government and civil society. The door of this structure is open for the decisions and implementation of general policies, while diversity and conflict of opinions, and the interactions are based on the needs and the main mechanism of the society. Therefore, good governance includes a set of formal and informal actors that influence the decision-making process, and most development institutions make the promotion of this model of governance an important part of their agenda. It is due to such characteristics that governance is defined as "directed influence in the social process" in which various mechanisms are involved. Some of these mechanisms are very complex and do not originate solely from public sector actors. Therefore, all the definitions of governance express a broader concept of government, which does not only include government actors and institutions, but also includes the three institutions of government, civil society, and the private sector. The government creates a political and legal environment, the private sector creates employment and income, and the civil society facilitates the political and social interaction of active groups to participate in economic, social and political activities. Therefore, the task of good governance is to provide the basis for cooperation and coordination between these three sectors as much as possible.
Based on this, the main claim of the article, that is, the relationship between political trust and a certain type of social capital, is explained in the light of a "Meta-theoretical" model. That is, the relationship between good governance, social capital and political trust has been measured as a "theory". It is based on this three-sided triangle that the "rulers" must focus their minds on the paradigm shift that has occurred in the nature of policy making in the last decade of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in order to deepen and institutionalize political trust. Based on such a change, political trust is often interpreted as people's feelings about political officials and their decisions. This means, when people think that politicians are moral, honest, trustworthy and faithful to their words, political trust is realized and if they think that political officials run the government for their own benefit and the interests of the majority they do not consider and are not truthful in their speech, trust in them decreases. However, in this article, the authors were of the opinion that political trust is not limited to people's confidence in political officials and the performance of government agents; Rather, political trust reflects people's assessment of the "political environment". In fact, people regulate a large part of their behavior in response to the environment and norms that they interact with continuously and perform their actions within their framework. If the game environment does not make trustworthiness and keeping promises beneficial to the members of the society and does not increase the cost of disregarding obligations and mutual trust, their willingness to offer these norms will decrease. In this way, political trust is not only the result of the behavior and speech of government officials in the field of reality or in the perception of the people, but the origin of its rise and fall should be sought in the category of "governance". As mentioned, "governance" includes "government" and includes the three elements of "government", "civil society" and "citizenship". Based on this theoretical arrangement Based on this theoretical arrangement, the claim of the authors was this that political trust is the product of the accumulation of "social capital" at three levels, "macro", "medium" and "micro", and such capital will lead to the production of "political trust". It was not only limited to evaluating the effectiveness of "government"; Rather, it should go beyond the act of government, arising from the model of "governance" in its good form, which is based on the three elements of "efficient government", "strong civil society" and "active individual-citizen". Finally, the method of collecting data in this documentary and library article and the method of judging and interpreting the collected information is also analytical and explanatory.

Keywords

الف) فارسی
آل­عمران، رویا و علی آل عمران (1390)، «خصوصی­سازی و سیاست­های کلی اصل 44 قانون اساسی»، مجله اقتصادی ماهنامه بررسی مسائل و سیاست­های اقتصادی، شماره 12
ابراهیم­پور، حبیب و همکاران (1395)، «بررسی نقش حکمرانی خوب در کارآمدی دولتها»، کنفرانس بین­المللی نخبگان مدیریت، سالن همایش­های دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران.
احمدی، قاسم (1381)، «اعتماد مردم به حکومت­ها در سه دوره­ی تاریخی مغول، صفویه و قاجاریه»، پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد جامعه­شناسی، دانشگاه علامه، تهران.
ازکیا، مصطفی و همکاران(1383)، «توسعه­ی روستایی با تأکید بر جامعه­ی روستایی ایران»، نشر نی، تهران.
بشیریه، حسین (1386)، «عقل در سیاست، سی و پنج گفتار در فلسفه، جامعه­شناسی و توسعه­ی سیاسی»، چاپ سوم، تهران، نشرنگاه معاصر.
بشیریه، حسین (1374)، «جامعه­شناسی سیاسی»، نشر نی، تهران
بهرامی، فردین(1381)، «ابعاد بیرونی سرمایه­ی اجتماعی»، تهران، انتشارات نسیم البرز
پوتنام، رابرت (1380)، «دموکراسی و سنت­های مدنی»، ترجمه محمدتقی دلفروز، نشر جامعه­شناسان، تهران
حمیدی­زاده، محمدرضا، (1378)، «تحلیل سیر نظریه­های اقتصادی»، ترمه، تهران.
خضری، محمد (1385)، «دولت و سرمایه­ی اجتماعی»، فصلنامه رهبرد، دوره نهم، شماره 31
خوش­فر، غلامرضا و شهربانو میرزاخانی (1395)، «بررسی رابطه­ی بین شاخص­های سرمایه­ی اجتماعی با سطح توسعه­یافتگی(مورد مطالعه: شهرستان­های استان گلستان در سالهای 1385-1390)»، فصلنامه مشارکت و توسعه اجتماعی، دوره2، شماره 3
دباغ، سروش و ندا نفری (1388)، «تبیین مفهوم خوبی در حکمرانی خوب»، نشریه مدیریت دولتی، دوره 1، شماره 3
دینی ترکمانی، علی (1385)، «تبیین افول سرمایه­ی اجتماعی»، فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی، سال ششم، شماره 23
رضایی، حسن و همکاران، (1397)، «نسبت­سنجی الگوی حکمرانی خوب و مردمسالاری دینی»، نشریه راهبرد، سال بیست و هفتم، شماره 89
سامتی، مرتضی و همکاران (1390)، «تحلیل تأثیر شاخص­های حکمرانی خوب بر شاخص توسعه انسانی، مطالعه موردی: کشورهای جنوب شرقی آسیا»، فصلنامه پژوهش­های رشد و توسعه اقتصادی، سال اول، شماره 4
سردارنیا، خلیل­الله (1388)، «اثر سرمایه­ی اجتماعی بر حکمرانی خوب»، نشریه اطلاعات سیاسی-اقتصادی، شماره 260-259
سلامت، حسام (1391)، «گرامشی: دولت و جامعه­ی مدنی»، روزنامه اعتماد، 18 بهمن، شماره 2611
شریف زاده، فتاح و رحمت­الله قلی­پور (1393)، «حکمرانی خوب و نقش دولت»، فرهنگ مدیریت، سال اول، پاییز و زمستان شماره 4
صالحی امیری، سیدرضا و همکاران (1392)، «راهکارهای ارتقای سرمایه­ی اجتماعی در کشور با توجه به سند چشم­انداز بیست ساله نظام»، فصلنامه راهبرد، سال 22، شماره 66
صباغ­کرمانی، مجید و همکاران (1387)، «نقش حکمرانی خوب در بهبود کارکرد هزینه­های دولت: مطالعه­ی مورد بخش بهداشت و آموزش کشورهای اسلامی»، فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی، شماره 86
صفریان، روح­الله و همکاران (1396)، «الگوی حکمرانیِ خوب؛ سرمایه­ی اجتماعی و توسعه­ی همه­جانبه»، فصلنامه دولت­پژوهی، سال سوم، شماره 12
صحرایی، علی­رضا و همکاران (1397)، «الگوی حکمرانی خوب: چارچوبی برای تحلیل اقتصاد سیاسی دولت هاشمی رفسنجانی(1376-1368)»، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاست­گذاری عمومی، دوره 8، شماره 28.
ضمیری، عبدالحسین (1388)، «حکمرانی مطلوب در اندیشه­ی امام خمینی (ره)»، مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک مجمع تشخصی مصلحت نظام، تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی.
عیوضی، محمد رحیم و همکاران (1396)، «از بررسی حکمرانی خوب تا الگوی حکمرانی پایدار»، فصلنامه راهبرد، سال بیست و ششم، شماره 85
کمالی، یحیی (1388)، «حکمرانی خوب چیست؟»، نشریه تدبیر، شماره 206
گیدنز، آنتونی (1377)، «پیامدهای مدنیّت»، ترجمه محسن ثلاثی، نشر مرکز، چاپ دوم، تهران.
عطار، سعید (1388)، «سرمایه اجتماعی، جامعه­ی مدنی و دولت: عناصر دستیابی به توسعه»، فصلنامه سیاست دانشگاه تهران، دوره 39، شماره 4
غفوری، محمد و همکاران (1387)، «سرمایه اجتماعی، جامعه­ی مدنی و دموکراسی؛ رابطه متقابل یا یک­سویه»، فصلنامه پژوهشنامه علوم سیاسی، سال سوم، شماره 4
فوکویاما، فرانسیس (1379)، «پایان نظم، سرمایه­ی اجتماعی و حفظ آن»، ترجمه غلامعباس توسلی، نشر حکایت قلم نوین، تهران
فیلد، جان (1392)، «سرمایه­ی اجتماعی»، ترجمه غلامرضا غفاری و حسین رمضانی، نشر کویر، چاپ سوم، تهران
قاسمی، وحید و همکاران (1389)، «رابطه­ی سرمایه­ی اجتماعی با توسعه­ی اقتصادی»، فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی، سال دهم، شماره 36
موسوی، سیده لیلا و علی ساعی (1398)، «دولت، جامعه مدنی و سرمایه اجتماعی در ایرا (بررسی سال­های 1376-1392)»، فصلنامه تخصصی علوم سیاسی، سال چهاردهم، شماره 48
مدیسون، جی (1377)، «جامعه­ی مدنی»، ترجمه سیمین رونقی، فصلنامه­ی راهبرد، دوره یک، شماره 2
مهدوی، ابوالقاسم و همکاران (1395)، «سرمایه­ی اجتماعی و توسعه­ی صنعتی در ایران»، نشر نی، چاپ اول، تهران
موسوی، میرطاهر و ملیحه شبانی (1394)، «سرمایه­ی اجتماعی و سلامت اجتماعی»، انتشارات آگاه، چاپ اول، تهران
ب) انگلیسی
Arndt, Christiane and Oman Charles (2008), “The Politics of Governance Ratings”, Maastricht University Maastricht Gradute school of Governance.
Bjqrnskov, Christian (2010), “How does social trust lead to better governance? An attempt to separate electoral and bureaucratic mechanisms”, Journal of Public Choice, Volume 144.
Coleman, J. S (1994), “foundations of Social Theory”, Belknap Press, Cambridge.
  Coleman, J. S (1988), “Social Capital in the creation of human Capital”, amrican journal of sociology.
Catterberg, G, & Moreno, A (2005), “The Inividual Base of Political Trust: Trends In New and Established Democracies”, In: International journal of Puvlic Reserch, Vol, 18, No, 1, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of World Association for Public Opinion Researchy.
Gisselquist. Rachel M (2012). “Good Governance as a Concept, and why This Matters for Development Policy”, Working Paper No. 30, United Nations University
Hasan, Samiul (2002), “Social Capital, Good Governance, and Sustainable Development: Analysing Experiences from Asia”, Presented at the 5th International Society for Third-Sectore Research Conference Held Cape Town, South, 7-10 July
Knach, Stephen (2000), “Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from the United States”, The World Bank Development Research Group Regulation and Competition Policy, Policy Research Working Paper 2504.
Ljunge, Martin (2013), “Social capital and political institutions: Evidence that democracy fosters trust”, Economics Letters, 122.
Myeong, Seunghwan and Seo, Hyungjun (2016), “Which Type of Social Capital Matters for Building Trust in Government? Looking for a New Type of Social Capital in the Governance Era”, Journal of Sustainability, Inha University, 8, 322
Putnam, R. (2002). “Democracies in Flux: The evolution of social capital in contemporary society”, Oxford University Press.
Rahim, Abdul (2019). “Governance and Good Governance a Conceptual Perspective”, Journal of Public Administration and Governance, Vol.9, No. 3

Tavits, Margit (2006), “Making Democracy Work More? Exploring the Linkage between Social Capital and Government Performance”, Journal of Political Research Quartely, The University of Utah, Volume 59.

Almran, Roya and Ali Alomran (2011), "Privatization and General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution", Economic Magazine, Monthly Review of Economic Issues and Policies, No. 12. [In Persian]
Ebrahimpour, Habib et al. (2015), "Study on the role of good governance in the efficiency of governments", International Conference of Management Elites, Shahid Beheshti University Conference Hall, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Ahmadi, Qasim (2002), "People's Trust in Governments in Three Historical Periods: Mongol, Safaveih and Qajar", Master's Thesis in Sociology, Allameh University, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Ezekia, Mustafa et al. (2004), "Rural development with an emphasis on the rural society of Iran", Ney Publishing House, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Bashirieh, Hossein (2007), "Reason in politics, thirty-five discourses in philosophy, sociology and political development", third edition, Tehran, Contemporary Publishing House. [In Persian]
 
Bashirieh, Hossein (1995), "Political Sociology", Ney Publishing House, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Bahrami, Fardin (2002), "External Dimensions of Social Capital", Tehran, Nasim Publications. [In Persian]
 
Putnam, Robert (2001), "Democracy and Civil Traditions", translated by Mohammad Taghi Delfrooz, Sociologists Publishing House, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Hamidizadeh, Mohammad Reza, (1999), "Analysis of the course of economic theories", Termeh, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Khazari, Mohammad (2006), "Government and Social Capital", Strategy Quarterly, Volume 9, Number 31. [In Persian]
 
Khoshfar, Gholamreza and Shahrbanu Mirzakhani (2015), "Investigation of the relationship between social capital indicators and the level of development (case study: Golestan province cities in 2015-2016)", Participatory Quarterly and Social Development, Volume 2, Number 3. [In Persian]
 
Dabbagh, Soroush and Neda Nafari (2008), "Explaining the concept of good in good governance", Government Management Journal, Volume 1, Number 3. [In Persian]
 
Dini Turkamani, Ali (2006), "Explaining the Decline of Social Capital", Social Welfare Quarterly, Year 6, Number 23. [In Persian]
 
Rezaei, Hassan et al., (2017), "Proportional analysis of the model of good governance and religious democracy", Strategy magazine, 27th year, number 89. [In Persian]
 
Sameti, Morteza et al. (2011), "Analysis of the effect of good governance indicators on human development index, case study: Southeast Asian countries", Economic Growth and Development Research Quarterly, Year 1, Number 4. [In Persian]
 
Sardarnia, Khalilullah (2009), "Effect of social capital on good governance", Journal of Political-Economic Information, No. 259-260 . [In Persian]
 
Salamat, Hessam (2012), "Gramsci: Government and Civil Society", Etemad Newspaper, 18 Bahman, No. 2611. [In Persian]
 
Sharifzadeh, Fattah and Rahmatullah Qalipour (2014), "Good governance and the role of the government", management culture, first year, autumn and winter number 4. [In Persian]
 
Salehi Amiri, Seyedreza et al (2013), "Methods to improve social capital in the country according to the twenty-year vision document of the system", Strategy Quarterly, year 22, number 66. [In Persian]
 
SabbaghKermani, Majid et al (2008), "The role of good governance in improving the performance of government expenditures: a case study of the health and education sectors of Islamic countries", Economic Research Quarterly, No. 86. [In Persian]
 
Safarian, Ruhollah et al. (2017), "A model of good governance; Social Capital and All-round Development", State Research Quarterly, third year, number 12. [In Persian]
 
Sahraei, Ali-Reza et al. (2017), "Good Governance Model: A Framework for Analyzing the Political Economy of Hashemi Rafsanjani's Government (1989-1997)", Strategic Studies of Public Policy Quarterly, Volume 8, Number 28. [In Persian]
 
Zamiri, Abdul Hossein (2009), "Good Governance in the Thought of Imam Khomeini (RA)", Strategic Research Center of Expediency Council, Tehran, Islamic Azad University. [In Persian]
 
Ayvazi, Mohammad Rahim et al. (2016), "From Good Governance Review to Sustainable Governance Model", Strategy Quarterly, Year 26, Number 85. [In Persian]
 
Kamali, Yahya (2009), "What is good governance?", Tadbir magazine, number 206. [In Persian]
 
Giddens, Anthony (1998), "The Consequences of Civilization", translated by Mohsen Al-Salasi, Markaz publication, second edition, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Attar, Saeed (2008), "Social capital, civil society and government: elements of achieving development", Tehran University Politics Quarterly, Volume 39, Number 4. [In Persian]
 
Ghafouri, Mohammad and colleagues (2008), "Social capital, civil society and democracy; Reciprocal or one-sided relationship", Political Science Research Quarterly, third year, number 4. [In Persian]
 
Fukuyama, Francis (2000), "The end of order, social capital and its preservation", translated by Gholam Abbas Tavasuli, Hakait Qalam Navin Publishing House, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Field, John (2013), "Social Capital", translated by Gholamreza Ghafari and Hossein Ramezani, Kavir Publishing House, 3rd edition, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Ghasemi, Vahid et al. (2009), "The relationship between social capital and economic development", Social Welfare Quarterly, Year 10, Number 36. [In Persian]
 
Mousavi, Sayedeh Leila and Ali Saei (2018), "Government, civil society and social capital in IRA (review of 1997-2013)", Political Science Quarterly, 14th year, number 48. [In Persian]
 
Madison, J. (1998), "Civil Society", translated by Simin Ronaghi, Strategy Quarterly, Volume 1, Number 2. [In Persian]
 
Mahdavi, Abolqasem et al. (2016), "Social Capital and Industrial Development in Iran", Ney Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Mousavi, Mirtaher and Maleehe Shabani (2014), "Social Capital and Social Health", Aghah Publications, first edition, Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Arndt, Christiane and Oman Charles (2008), “The Politics of Governance Ratings”, Maastricht University Maastricht Gradute school of Governance. [In Persian]
Bjqrnskov, Christian (2010), “How does social trust lead to better governance? An attempt to separate electoral and bureaucratic mechanisms”, Journal of Public Choice, Volume 144. [In Persian]
 
Coleman, J. S (1994), “foundations of Social Theory”, Belknap Press, Cambridge. [In Persian]
 
  Coleman, J. S (1988), “Social Capital in the creation of human Capital”, amrican journal of sociology. [In Persian]
 
Catterberg, G, & Moreno, A (2005), “The Inividual Base of Political Trust: Trends In New and Established Democracies”, In: International journal of Puvlic Reserch, Vol, 18, No, 1, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of World Association for Public Opinion Researchy. [In Persian]
 
Gisselquist. Rachel M (2012). “Good Governance as a Concept, and why This Matters for Development Policy”, Working Paper No. 30, United Nations University. [In Persian]
 
Hasan, Samiul (2002), “Social Capital, Good Governance, and Sustainable Development: Analysing Experiences from Asia”, Presented at the 5th International Society for Third-Sectore Research Conference Held Cape Town, South, 7-10 July. [In Persian]
 
Knach, Stephen (2000), “Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from the United States”, The World Bank Development Research Group Regulation and Competition Policy, Policy Research Working Paper 2504. [In Persian]
 
Ljunge, Martin (2013), “Social capital and political institutions: Evidence that democracy fosters trust”, Economics Letters, 122. [In Persian]
 
Myeong, Seunghwan and Seo, Hyungjun (2016), “Which Type of Social Capital Matters for Building Trust in Government? Looking for a New Type of Social Capital in the Governance Era”, Journal of Sustainability, Inha University, 8, 322. [In Persian]
 
Putnam, R. (2002). “Democracies in Flux: The evolution of social capital in contemporary society”, Oxford University Press. [In Persian]
 
Rahim, Abdul (2019). “Governance and Good Governance a Conceptual Perspective”, Journal of Public Administration and Governance, Vol.9, No. 3. [In Persian]
 
Tavits, Margit (2006), “Making Democracy Work More? Exploring the Linkage between Social Capital and Government Performance”, Journal of Political Research Quartely, The University of Utah, Volume 59. [In Persian]