State Studies

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Peer Review Process

Indexing and Abstracting

Costs

Related Links

FAQ

Journal Metrics

News

All Reviewers

Referee 2022-2023

Referee 2021-2022

Refree 2020-2021

Refrees 2018-2019

Publons Registration Guide

The Relation Between Economic Liberalization and Security Stabilization in the Chinese Government

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

China's government has started the process of economic liberalization since the late 1970s with its own unique pattern. In less than half a century, China economy has gained significant growth. The liberalization also has gradually eliminated poverty in China significantly and has improved the quality of Chinese citizens' lives. This paper examines the impact of policies based on economic liberalization model in the Chinese government and seeks to study the relationship between economic liberalization and national security in China through a policy-driven research process. This article, examines some of the most influential economic, political, military, and environmental indicators of the Chinese government over the past few decades. From this point of view, as this article shows for the past half century, with the exception of the "environmental and climatic security", China Government has been able to improve and stabilize other Chinese national security indicators. The paper also emphasizes that the Chinese model can be replicated by less developed countries.

Keywords

References

  • الف( فارسی

    • امیدوارنیا، محمدجواد، (1370)، سیر تحول در اندیشة نظامی و سیاست تسلیحاتی چین، تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین­المللی وزارت امور خارجه.
    • اوریو، پائولو، (1394)، الگوی چینی توسعه: چالش توسعة پرشتاب و هماهنگ­سازی دوبارة دولت و جامعه، ترجمة سعید میرترابی و اسماعیل ربیعی ملاطی، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق.
    • ارغوانی پیرسلامی، فریبرز و فروتن، فاطمه، (1396)، «واکاوی زمینه‌های فکری تکوین و تداوم دولت اقتدارگرا در چین»، دولت پژوهی، دورة سوم، شمارة 10، 219-185.
    • عجم­اوغلو، دارون و رابینسون، جیمز، (1392)، چرا کشورها شکست می­خورند: سرچشمه­های قدرت، فقر و غنای کشورها، ترجمة پویا جبل­عاملی و محمدرضا فرهادی ­پور، تهران: انتشارات دنیای اقتصاد.
    • علمایی­فر، ابوالفضل، (1394)، مدرنیته و تجربه در چین، تهران: موسسة ابرار معاصر.
    • کوز، رونالد هری و وانگ، نینگ، (1396)، چین چگونه سرمایه­داری شد، ترجمة سید پیمان اسدی، تهران: انتشارات دنیای اقتصاد.
    • ماندل، رابرت، (1387)، چهره متغیر امنیت ملی، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
    • مردیت، روبین، (1393)، فیل و اژدها: تحولات دو غول اقتصادی چین و هند، ترجمة غلام­حسین خانقایی، تهران: فرا.
    • وانگ، فی لینگ، (1382)، نهادها و تغییرات نهادی در چین، ترجمة محمدجواد ایروانی، تهران: رسا.

    ب( انگلیسی

    • Bailes, A. J. K., Dunay, P, (2007), The Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a Regional security Institution, In Bailes, A. J. K. (Ed.), The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (pp.1-29). Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
    • Barton, D., Chen, Y., & Jin, A, (2013), “Mapping China’s Middle Class”, McKinsey Quarterly. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/mapping-chinas-middle-class.
    • Breslin, S, (2007), China and the Global Political Economy, New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan
    • Business Dictionary, (2018), “Economic Security”, Business Dictionary, Web Finance, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-security.html.
    • Buzan, B, (1983), People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Sussex, UK: Wheatsheaf Books LTD.
    • Campbell, J. R, (2012), “US Foreign Policy towards Northeast Asia”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs; Vol. XVII, No. 4, 3-26.
    • Carter, C, (1999), Institutional Reform and Agricultural Productivity Growth in China. In Findlay, C., & Watson, A. (Eds.) Food Security and Economic Reform The Challenges Facing China's Grain Marketing System (pp. 202-219). Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Press LTD.
    • Chen, J., Dai, D., Pu, M., Hou, W., & Feng, Q, (2010), “The Trend of the Gini Coefficient of China”, Brooks World Poverty Institute Working Paper, No. 109, 1-32.
    • Chen, W., & Xu, R, (2010), “Clean Coal Technology Development in China”, Energy Policy, Vol. 38, Issue 5, 2123-2130.
    • China Statistical Yearbook, (2017), “Geographic Distribution and Population of Ethnic Minority”, National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved from http:// www. stats. gov. cn/ tjsj/ ndsj/ 2017/ indexeh.htm.
    • Clarke, M, (2013), “Ethnic Separatism in the People’s Republic of China: History, Causes and Contemporary Challenges”, European Journal of East Asian Studies (EJEAS), Vol. 12, 109-133.
    • Coleman, J. S., & Fararo, T. J, (1992), Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique, California, US: Sage Publication.
    • Collins, A, (2015), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • Dikötter, F, (2010), Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, New York, US: Walker & Co.
    • Dollar, D, (2008), “New Global Poverty Estimates Confirm China’s Leading Role in Meeting MDGs”, East Asia & Pacific on the Rise. The World Bank. Retrieved from http:// blogs. worldbank. org/eastasiapacific/new-global-poverty-estimates-confirm-china-s-leading-role-in-meeting-mdgs.
    • Economist, (2018), “China is Rapidly Developing Its Clean-Energy Technology”, The Economist, Retrieved from https:// www. economist. com/ special- report/ 2018/ 03/ 15/china-is-rapidly-developing-its-clean-energy-technology.
    • 4.3.2, (2016), Trends in Global CO2 Emissions (2016 Report), EDGARv.4.3.2. EDGAR- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Joint Research Centre; European Commission.
    • Fraser Institute, (2019), “China's Data”, FraserInstitute, Retrieved from https:// www. fraserinstitute. org/ economic- freedom/ graph? geozone= world & year =2015 & countries =CHN & page=graph.
    • Global Economy, (2018), “China: Government Spending, Percent of GDP”, The Global Economy, Retrieved from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/China/Government_size.
    • Global Fire Power, (2018), “Total Naval Strength by Country”, Global Fire Power TM, Retrieved from https://www.globalfirepower.com/navy-ships.asp,
    • Goodman, D. S. G, (1994), Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography, London, UK: Routledge.
    • Hausfather, Z, (2017), “Analysis: Global Co2 Emissions Set to Rise 2% in 2017 after Three-Year ‘Plateau’”, Carbon Brief – Clear on Climate. Retrieved from https:// www. carbonbrief. org/ analysis- global-co2-emissions-set-to-rise-2-percent-in-2017-following-three-year-plateau.
    • Heritage, (2018), “The Heritage Foundation”, Heritage, Retrieved from https:// www. heritage. org/index/visualize?cnts=china&type=1.
    • Herrerias, M. J., & Joyeux, R, (2014), “Regional Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in China”, In Yao, S., & Herrerias, M. J. (Eds.), Energy Security and Sustainable Economic Growth in China (pp. 170-186). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Hu, Y., & Cheng, H, (2013), “Water Pollution during China’s Industrial Transition”, Environmental Development, Vol. 8, 57-73.
    • IEA, (2018), “Renewables 2017”, International Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/renewables2017.
    • IISS, (2017), “The Military Balance 2017”, International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Retrieved from http://www.iiss.org.
    • Joshi, P, (2016), “The China Silk Road in South & Southeast Asia: Enter Counter Geopolitics”, IndraStra Global, No. 03,
    • Kassim, Y. R, (2017), The South China Sea Disputes: Flashpoints, Turning Points and Trajectories, Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
    • Kobayashi, S., Baobo, J., & Sano, J, (1999), “The Three Reforms in China: Progress and Outlook”, Japan Research Institute, No. 45. Retrieved from https:// www. jri. co. jp/ english/ periodical/ rim/1999/RIMe199904threereforms.
    • Lai, H, (2006), Reform and the Non-State Economy in China: The Political Economy of Liberalization Strategies, New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Leung, G. C. K., Li, R., & Low, M, (2013), “Transitions in China’s Oil Economy”, 1990–2010, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 4, 483-500.
    • Lewis, J. W., & Xue, L, (1988), China Builds the Bomb, California, US: Stanford University Press.
    • Li, H, (2015), Political Thought and China’s Transformation: Idea Shaping Reform in post-Mao China, New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • LowyInstitue, (2018), “Global Diplomacy Index (2017 Country Ranking)”, LowyInstitue, Retrieved from https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html.
    • Lusher, A, (2017), “At Least 10,000 People Died in Tiananmen Square Massacre”, Secret British Cable from the Time Alleged, The Independent. Retrieved from https:// www. independent. co. uk/ news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html.
    • Mandel, R, (1994), The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis, Westport, US: Greenwood Press.
    • Martinez-Bravo, M., Padró i Miquel, G., Qian, N., &Yao, Y, (2012), “The Effects of Democratization on Public Goods and Redistribution: Evidence from China”, CEPR Discussion Paper; No. DP8975, 1-53.
    • McCarthy, N, (2018), “Air Pollution Contributed to More Than 6 Million Deaths in 2016”, Forbes Media LLC, Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/04/18/air-pollution-contributed-to-more-than-6-million-deaths-in-2016-infographic/#6305ad4e13b4.
    • McCormick, B. L, (1990), Political Reform in Post-Mao China: Democracy and Bureaucracy in a Leninist State. Berkeley, US: University of California Press.
    • Naughton, B. J., & Yang, D. L, (2004), “Holding China together: Introduction, In Naughton, B. J., & Yang”, D. L. (Eds.), Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era (pp. 1-28), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • Nurmi, H, (2006), Models of Political Economy, Oxford, UK: Routledge.
    • O’Rourke, R, (2018), “China Naval Modernization: Implication for U.S. Navy Capability – Background and Issue for Congress”, Congressional Research Service (CRS), RL33153, 1-121.
    • Odgaard, O., & Delman, J, (2014), “China’s Energy Security and Its Challenges towards 2035”, Energy Policy, No. 71, 107-117.
    • Palan, R, (2000), Global Political Economy: Contemporary Theories, London, UK: Routledge.
    • Paraskova, T, (2018), “China’s Becomes World’s Next Top Oil Importer”, Oil Price: The No. 1 Source for Oil & Energy News, Retrieved from http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Chinas-Becomes-Worlds-Next-Top-Oil-Importer.html.
    • Polity IV, (2019), “China’s Authority Trends 1946-2017”, Center for Systemic Peace, Retrieved from https://www.org.
    • Rummel, R. J, (2017), China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900, New York, US: Routledge.
    • Sawaine, M. D., Mochizuki, M. M., Brown, M. L., Giarra, P. S., Paal, D. H., Odell, R. E., Lu, R., Palmer, O., & Ren, X, (2013), China's Military & The U.S.-Japan Alliance in 2030: A Strategic Net Assessment, Washington, US: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
    • Schwoob, M. (2018). Food Security and the Modernisation Pathway in China: Towards Sustainable Agriculture. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Shan, Y., Guan, D., Zheng, H., Ou, J., Li, Y., Meng, J., Mi, Z., Liu, Z., & Zhang, Q, (2018), “China CO2 Emission Accounts 1997-2015”, Scientific Data, Nature Publishing Group, 1-14.
    • Shaofeng, C, (2010), “China’s Self-Extrication from the Malacca Dilemma and Its Impact on ASEAN”, International Journal of China Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-24.
    • Swaine, M. D, (1995), China Domestic Change and Foreign Policy, Santa Monica, US: RAND.
    • Swaine, M. D., Tellis, A. J, (2000), Interpreting China's Grand Strategy: Past, Present, and Future, Santa Monica, US: RAND.
    • Tao, R., & Liu, M, (2007), “Poverty Reduction, Decentralization”, and Local Governance in China, In Yang, D. L. (Ed.), DISCONTENTED MIRACLE: Growth, Conflict, and Institutional Adaptations in China (pp. 193-221), Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
    • The Global Economy, (2019), “China: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions”, The Global Economy, Retrieved from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/China/Carbon_dioxide_emissions.
    • Tian, N., Fleurant, A., Kuimova, A., Wezeman, P. D., & Wezeman, S. T, (2018), “Trend in World Military Expenditure, 2017”, SIPRI Fact Sheet, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1-8.
    • Trading Economics, (2018), “China Crude Oil Production”, Trading Economics, Retrieved from http://tradingeconomics.com.
    • Trading Economics, (2019), “China Military Expenditure”, Trading Economics, Retrieved from http://tradingeconomics.com.
    • Tse-Tung, M, (1975a), Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (Volume I), Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
    • Tse-Tung, M, (1975b), Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (Volume II), Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
    • Tunsjø, Ø, (2002), “China's Energy Security”, In Moe, E., & Midford, P. (Eds.) The Political Economy of Renewable Energy and Energy Security: Common Challenges and National Responses in Japan, China and Northern Europe (pp. 97-115). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Vogel, E. F, (2011), Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, London, UK: Belknap Press.
    • Walder, A. G, (2009), China’s Protest Wave: Political Threat or Growing Pains, In Yang, D. L., & Zhao, L. (Eds.), China's Reforms at 30: Challenges and Prospects (pp. 41-54), Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
    • Wan, G, (2008), Understanding Inequality and Poverty in China: Methods and Applications, New York, US: Palgrave MacMillan.
    • Wang, Y, (2010), “China's Response to the Unipolar World: The Strategic Logic of Peaceful Development”, Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 45, 554-567.
    • Wedeman, A. H, (2003), From Mao to Market: Rent Seeking, Local Protectionism, and Marketization in China, New York, US: Cambridge University Press.
    • Weingast, B. R., & Wittman, D. A, (2006), The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • WITS, (2019), “World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS)”, The World Bank, Retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org.
    • Workman, Daniel, (2018), “Top 15 Crude Oil Suppliers to China”, World’s Top Experts. Retrieved from http://worldstopexports.com/top-15-crude-oil-suppliers-to-china.
    • World Bank, (2019), “Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day (2011 PPP)(% of Population)- China”, World Bank Open Data. Retrieved from https:// data. worldbank. org/ indicator/ SI. POV. DDAY?locations=CN.
    • Wu, G, (2016), “Ending Poverty in China: What Explains Great Poverty Reduction and a Simultaneous Increase in Inequality in Rural Areas?”, East Asia & Pacific on the Rise, The World Bank, Retrieved from http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/ending-poverty-in-china-what-explains-great-poverty-reduction-and-a-simultaneous-increase-in-inequality-in-rural-areas.
    • Yang, D. L, (1997), Beyond Beijing: Liberalization and the Regions in China., London, UK: Routledge.
    • Yang, D. L, (2004), Remarking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China, California, US: Stanford University Press.
    • YCHARTS, (2018), “World Crude Oil Production & China Oil Consumption, The Modern Financial Data Research Platform (YCHARTS)”, YChart. Retrieved from https:// ycharts. com/ indicators/ world_crude_oil_production/ & https:// ycharts. com/ indicators/ china_ oil_ consumption_ tonnes.
    • Yongtu, L, (2002), “Negotiating Entry: Key Lessons Learned, In Magariños, C. A., Yongtu, L., & Sercovich, F. C. (Eds.)”, China in the WTO (pp. 25-35), New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Yuan, J, (2010), “China’s Role in Establishing and Building the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 19, No. 67, 855-869.
    • Yuan, Y, (2017), Studies on China’s Special Economic Zones, Singapore, Singapore: Springer Nature.
    • Yushi, M., Nong, Z., & Xiaojing, Y, (2013), Food Security and Farm Land Protection in China (Vol. 2). Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
    • Zhang, J., & Chen, J, (2017), “Introduction to China’s New Normal Economy”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1-4.
    • Zhang, W, (2000), Transforming China: Economic Reform and its Political Implications, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Press LTD.
    • Zhao, Y, (2008), Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict, Maryland, US: ROWMAN & Littlefield Publishers INC.
    • Zhengyi, W, (2004), “Conceptualizing Economic Security and Governance: China Confronts Globalization”, The Pacific Review, 17, No. 4, 5262

     

     

State Studies
Volume 7, Issue 28
March 2022
Pages 149-189
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics