Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract
Modernization theorists believe that there is a direct relationship between economic and social development and the process of transition to democracy. According to modernization theories, economic development and industrialization lead to the transition to democracy. China has achieved economic development since 1978 and has had economic growth of more than 10% for consecutive years. However, according to the theory of modernization, this country has not gone through the transition to democracy and has become an exception. The aim of this article is to examine and explain the lack of transition to democracy in China according to modernization theories. The research question is: What factors have prevented China from entering the process of transition to democracy between 1978 and 2021? The hypothesis of this research trying to be proved with the analytical and explanatory methodology, is: Several factors have contributed to the lack of transition to democracy in China. But the most important of them are the coordination and cohesion between the ruling class (Chinese Communist Party, government and army), the weakness of civil society, the fragmentation and dependence of the middle class, the basis and values of Chinese society and the fear of disarray. Social and political stability in the most populous country in the world with most groups, different classes of society and some countries. The combination of these factors has led to the support of the authoritarian system and their unwillingness to enter the process of transition to democracy between 1978 and 2021.
Keywords
الف) فارسی
- ارغوانی پیرسلامی فریبرز و فاطمه فروتن، (1395)، «واکاوی زمینه‌های فکری تکوین و تداوم دولت اقتدارگرای در چین»، فصلنامه دولت‌پژوهی، سال سوم، سماره 10، تابستان .صص219-185.
- بشیریه حسین، (1386)، گذار به مردم سالاری (گفتارهای نظری)، تهران: نگاه معاصر.
- بشیریه حسین، (1384)، گذار به دموکراسی، (مباحث نظری)، تهران: نگاه معاصر.
- کاستلز، مانوئل، (1385)، عصر اطلاعات: اقتصاد، جامعه و فرهنگ (پایان هزاره)، ترجمه احد علیقلیان، افشین خاکباز و حسن چاوشیان، تهران: طرح نو.
- لفت ویچ، آدریان، (1378)، دموکراسی و توسعه، ترجمه احد علیقلیان، افشین خاکباز، تهران: طرح نو.
- زکریا، فرید، (1385)، آینده آزادی؛ اولویت لیبرالیسم بر دمکراسی، ترجمه امیرحسین نوروزی، تهران: طرح نو.
- هانتیگتون، ساموئل، (1396)، موج سوم دموکراسی در پایان سده بیستم، چاپ ششم، ترجمه احمد شهسا، تهران: روزنه
ب) انگلیسی
- Ci, Jiwei, (2019), “Without Democracy, China Will Rise No Farther,Beijing Can’t Compete With Washington Until It Reckons With Its People”, https:// www. foreignaffairs. com/ articles/ china/2019-10-04/without-democracy-chin-will-rise-no-farther.
- Congressional Research Service, (2021), “Human Rights in China”, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11240/8
-Buchholz, Katharina, (2020), “Continental Shift: The World’s Biggest Economies Over Time”, https://www.statista.com/chart/22256/biggest-economies-in-the-world-timeline/.
- Chan, Phil C.W, (2013), “Human Rights and Democracy with Chinese Characteristics?”,
- Fang, Ning, (2015a), “Characteristics of Chinese Democracy: Unification of Protecting Rights and Centralizing Power”, In: China’s Democracy Path, ChinaInsights, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47343-6_4.
- Fang, Ning, (2015b), “Introduction: Democracy Takes Root in China. In: China’s Democracy Path”, China Insights, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47343-6_1.
uo, Sujian, (2018), “Prospects for Democratic Transition in China”, Journal of Chinese Political Science, No. 23, pp.47–61.
- Foot, Rosemary, (2021), “A world unsafe for Ddemocracy? China and the Shaping of Global order”, https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/3377/JBA-9-p213-Foot.pdf.
- Kiselycznyk, Michael, (2010), “Civil-Military Relations in China: Assessing the PLA’s Role in Elite Politics”, https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-2.pdf.
- Lipset, Seymour Martin, (1959), “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”, American Political Science Review, 53 (01), 69–105.
- Lipset Seymour Martin, (1994), “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited”, American Sociological Review, 1, at 12-3.
- Chhabra, Tarun, (2019), “The China Challenge, Democracy, and U.S. Grand Strategy”, https:// www.brookings.edu/wp-“content/uploads/2019/02/FP_20190311_us_grand_strategy_chhabra.pdf.
-Danni, Mei, (2019), “The Growing Middle Class and the Absence of Democracy in
China”, https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4236&context=gc_etds.
-Dams, Ties, (2015), China and Liberal Values in International Relations, Opposing the Promotion of Democracy, Human Rights and Liberal Market Economy, https:// www. clingendael. org/sites/default/files/pdfs/China_and_Liberal_Values_in_International_Relations.pdf.
- Hu, Shaohan, (2000), Confucianism and Western Democracy, in S. Zhao, ed., China and Democracy, New York: Routledge, pp. 55–72.
- Hartmann, Hauke, (2018), “The Erosion of Democracy in Developing and Transition Countries”, https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/user_upload/6_The_Erosion_of_Democracy.pdf.
- Hu, Shaohan, (2007), “Confucianism and Western Democracy”, https:// www. tandfonline. com/ doi/abs/10.1080/10670569708724282.
- Li, Cheng, (2013), “China’s Political Transition: A Balanced Assessment of its Problems and Promises”, https:// www. brookings. edu/ testimonies/ chinas- political- transition- a- balanced-assessment-of-its-problems-and-promises/.
- Ischinger Wolfgang_ Nye Joseph, (2021), “Mind the Gap: Priorities for Transatlantic China Policy”, https://merics.org/en/report/mind-gap-priorities-transatlantic-china-policy.
- KPMG Analysis, (2021), “China Economic Monitor Issue: 2021Q3 – assets”, kpmg, https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/cn/pdf/en/2021/08/china-economic-monitor-q3-2021.pdf.
- Peters, Michael A, (2021), “The China-threat Discourse, Trade, and the Future of Asia”, A Symposium, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2021.1897573.
- CGTN, (2021), “Why China's Socialist Democracy Is the Most Effective Democracy”, https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-06-11/Why-China-s-socialist-democracy-is-the-most-effective-democracy-110dgIa3Q2I/index.html.
- Guo, DINGPING, (2007), “Chinese Model of Political Development: Compraratinve Perspective”, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23257930.
- Fan, Li, (2020), “Don’t Give Up on Chinese Democracy Times are Dark, But Civil Society is Quietly Growing, https:// foreignpolicy. com/ 2020/07/08/ chinese-democracy-civil-society-coronavirus/.
- Oud, Malin & Drinhausen, Katja, (2021), “The DecodingChinaDictionary”, https://rwi.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Decoding-China-Publication_FINAL.pdf.
-keping, Yu, (2002), “Toward an Incremental Democracy and Government: Chinese Theories and Assessment Criteria”, https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004190313/Bej.9789004182127.i-302_002.xml.
- Keping, Yu, (2010), “The Emercing of China’s Civil Society and Its Sicnificance to Governance”, https://asienhaus.de/public/archiv/China-CS_YK.pdf.
- Keping, Yu, (2017), “Democracy in China: Challenge or Opportunity?”, https:// harvard. edu/files/ash/files/democracyinchina_0.pdf.
-Fang, N, (2015), “Key Priorities for Democracy Building in China: The Development of Consultative Democracy”, In: China’s Democracy Path, China Insights, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47343-6_5.
- Jinping, Xi, (2014), The Governance of China, Volume 1, [English Language Version], Foreign Languages Press.
- Li, Cheng, (2016), “Introduction: Assessing China’s Political Development”, https:// www. brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/chinaschangingpoliticallandscape_chapter.pdf.
- RESEARCH PAPER, (2006), “A Political and Economic Introduction to China”, https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP06-36/RP06-36.pdf.
- Jintao, Hu, (2012), Report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China by Hu Jintao, https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cels//eng/zt/1ncoc/t997655.html.
- Pei Minxin, (2013), “5 Ways China Could Become a Democracy”, https://thediplomat.com/2013/02/5-ways-china-could-become-a-democracy/.
-=PevehouseJon C, (2005), Democracy of from Above, Cambridge Universiry Press.
- Vukovich, Daniel F, (2019), “Illiberal China the Ideological Challenge of the People’s Republic of China”, https:// sgp1. digitaloceanspaces. com/ proletarianc library/ books/ 2e96f3dc26c41bc502869c36abd91e44.pdf.
- MIAO, Ying, (2016), “The Paradox of the Middle Class Attitudes in China: Democracy”, Social Stability and Reform, In Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 45, 1, 169–190.
-
- Shambaugh David, (2002), Civil-Military Relations in China: Party-Army or National Military?, Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 16, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230364595.pdf.
- Zhengxu Wang, (2007), “Public Support for Democracy in China”, Journal of Contemporary China, 16(53), November, 561–579 https:// www. tandfonline. com/ doi/ pdf/ 10. 1080/ 10670560701562283?needAccess=true.
- Ursillo, Dave, (2017), “Will China Ever Become a Democracy”, https://daveursillo.com/will-china-ever-become-a-democracy/.
- Wan, Ming, (2001), “Human Rights in Chinese Foreign Relations Defining and Defending National Interests”, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt4cgh2z.
)