Hamid Ahmadi; Borhan Salimi
Abstract
The US model of secularism policies include disestablishment of religion and guaranteeing religious freedom through adding related articles in the constitution and the first amendment, the lack of religious education in public schools, the freedom of religious private education, the lack of funding for ...
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The US model of secularism policies include disestablishment of religion and guaranteeing religious freedom through adding related articles in the constitution and the first amendment, the lack of religious education in public schools, the freedom of religious private education, the lack of funding for religious private schools, the neutrality of the state towards the followers of different religions, and non-opposition to the presence and expression of religious symbols in the public domain. The realization of some of these policies has been the result of a historical process. The current study not only examines the rise and fall in US secularism from 1776 to 1980, but also addresses the impact of plurality and religious rivalry, rational calculations and liberal tendencies of US political leaders on constructing strengthening the secularism. The Protestant Semi-establishment through the Second Great Awakening and its hegemony in the public sphere were among serious challenges to the process of consolidating the US secularism in the nineteenth century. But with the increase in the population of Catholic and Jewish minorities, religious rivalries among them and the activities of secular organizations and movements, the increasing political and institutional influence of Evangelical Protestants and religious conservatives diminished, and the way forward was to expand the process of secularization in the twentieth century.
Tahmaseb Alipouriani; Mokhtar Nouri
Abstract
The institution of the modern state, based on the liberal doctrine of social contract, has been questioned in the age of globalization by the formation of paradigmatic transformations of political thought from different think tanks. This kind of criticism of liberal discourse encompasses a range of critical ...
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The institution of the modern state, based on the liberal doctrine of social contract, has been questioned in the age of globalization by the formation of paradigmatic transformations of political thought from different think tanks. This kind of criticism of liberal discourse encompasses a range of critical thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida Giorgo Agamben, Jacques Rancière and others. But the critique of the state by contemporary thinkers is not confined to this category of thinkers, but communitarianism, with its thinkers such as Al-Sadir McIntyre, can be regarded as one of these critical schools of thought in the paradigm of contemporary political philosophy with a critical look at the most important liberal propositions of modern times such as individualism, state neutrality, universality of this kind of thinking and an emphasis on concepts such as communitarianism, virtue, state moral interventionism, and contextualization. The focus of this article will be to examine McIntyre's critical attitude towards the issue of "state neutrality." The question is, "What is Al-Sadir McIntyre's view of the institution of government? And what is his position on the neutrality of the state in liberal thought? "It is assumed that “First of all, McIntyre has no endorsing view of modern government and its grand narrative, and is in favor of communism. It also denies the impartiality of the state in liberal thought and advocates the rule-based interventionism of the state to moralize citizens ". Macintyre is a new Aristotelian thinker who emphasizes the restoration of virtue and prosperity in the modern age as it was in the classical Greek era.
Alireza Asadpour Tehrani; Masoud Raei Dahaghi
Abstract
Due to the developments in social relations in modern societies, and in particular the importance of restrictions on the political power of governments, the rule of people and the protection of individual rights and public freedoms as the foundations of constitutionalism and constitutional rule, it seems ...
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Due to the developments in social relations in modern societies, and in particular the importance of restrictions on the political power of governments, the rule of people and the protection of individual rights and public freedoms as the foundations of constitutionalism and constitutional rule, it seems to be necessary to introduce a new category of basic laws that are more consistent with modern constitutional rights and constitutionalism. Thus, all classical categories of constitutional laws are briefly introduced and criticized, and then a new categorization of basic laws to the liberal constitution and republican constitution is proposed and explained. As a result of this division, the state can be liberal or republican, but in the present time, both types of modern states must be constitutional. Of course, the republican holds this supremacy over the liberal state, which governs the protection of public freedoms. This essay is based on a fundamental assumption: the emphasis on the constitutional positivist concept. Since, the classical classifications are based on the inductive method; accordingly, the same method has been used to criticize and propose the alternative.
