Public Policy
Madjid Vahid
Abstract
The purpose of this contribution is to shed light on the evolution of public policy studies in France. It should be noted that this discipline was born in the United States in the 1950s mainly based on the works of Harold Lasswell who is known as the founding father of the discipline. Lasswell and his ...
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The purpose of this contribution is to shed light on the evolution of public policy studies in France. It should be noted that this discipline was born in the United States in the 1950s mainly based on the works of Harold Lasswell who is known as the founding father of the discipline. Lasswell and his collaborators aimed to study the actions of the State to then be able to help decision-makers act more effectively and of course more democratically. It was in the 1980s that this discipline entered the scientific field in France. We believe that four steps are distinguishable in this regard.
1- The attempts of synthesis aimed at bringing and knowing the discipline in France. The works of Madeleine Grawitz and Jean Leca, Yves Mény and Jean-Claude Thoenig, and Patrick Hassenteufel are notable in this regard. They brilliantly managed to clarify the foundations of the discipline and the research carried out in the United States and France in its frameworks. They were convinced that this new branch of political science would help to better understand the logic of public action, which would logically lead to its improvement.
2- The multiple works carried out since the 1980s were inspired by the sociology of organizations. Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg have particularly prepared a fruitful ground for public policy researchers to access epistemological, theoretical, and methodical tools to analyze French public policies. Of course, the sociology of organizations reveals its American inspirations, and the specialists of the Center for the Sociology of Organizations have not hidden it. The sociology of organizations emphasizes the theoretical values of some concepts such as actor, system, power, areas of uncertainty, and rationality of actors, which show a convincing capacity in the analysis of the strategies of the actors within the organizations and in the analysis of the organizations themselves which are the main frameworks of action in modern societies.
3- Research leading to cognitive analysis of public policies in France. Here, we should emphasize the founding works of Pierre Muller and Bruno Jobert. The elaboration of concepts such as representation, mediator, and référentiel in their analyses has opened very useful routes for future researchers to know the logic of public policies in France and the possible means of their change, especially since the 1990s. These researches show a certain utility in the analysis of some major turning points in French politics, among which the neoliberal turn made under the presidency of François Mitterrand, however socialist and attached to left-wing values.
4- A new direction of research is known by the studies and analyses of researchers such as Gérard Noiriel, Renaud Payre, and Gilles Pollet. They are at the origin of a new approach in the study of social phenomena and actions of public authorities. Gérard Noiriel in a part of his works gives an overview of an approach that is known as the socio-historical approach. Renaud Payre and Gilles Pollet are among the leading researchers who apply this approach in the field of public policy and the actions of public authorities. They reveal the sociological and historical foundations of policies and actions and show precisely how socio-history differs from historical sociology or sociological history. In the field of analysis of public action, socio-history provides useful tools for researchers to deepen their knowledge in areas such as the emergence of new social categories (unemployed, immigrants, etc.), the transfer of knowledge and experience from one country to another, and the establishment of regional entities such as the European Union.
In conclusion, we note that we had, throughout the writing of this article, an implicit objective in our mind: Clarifying the efforts made over the decades in France to be able to import a discipline that has proven its innovative abilities in its original cradle. Public policies are now part of the integrated disciplines in Iranian universities and it is of course necessary to know how the scientists of a developed country attached to its independence and originality, France, have worked at the entrance of a new scientific discipline created outside their country to be able to benefit from it for their development and be at the origin of its development in turn. We hope that Iranian academics and scientists will follow the example of their French colleagues, which appears fully promising.
Seyed Rooh-allah Haj Zargarbashi; Milad Lotfi
Abstract
In security studies, governments, which are responsible for providing society's need for security, can be considered as important factors that threaten human security. The important characteristics of such governments can include the priority of the interests of the government over the interests and ...
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In security studies, governments, which are responsible for providing society's need for security, can be considered as important factors that threaten human security. The important characteristics of such governments can include the priority of the interests of the government over the interests and values of the people of the society, the existence of large internal security apparatuses for security-police measures against the citizens of the society. In today's world, the issue of personal security and the threats it faces is of particular importance in security studies. Individual and human security includes various categories from development to peace and dignity in the individual and group dimensions. Today, individual security is examined from different aspects. In the meantime, the government, as an important authority in ensuring the security of the people of the society, can apply serious threats against the people of the society. In other words, it can be said that in security studies, the issue of confrontation and conflict between human security and the interests of the government is a very important issue. Since the 1970s, simultaneously with the expansion of the meaning of security in the world, many experts in the field of security studies have come to the conclusion that the nature of the government, considering its structure, can pose serious threats to individual and human security in the society and from in this sense, in a society, the interests of the government can be opposed to the interests of the citizens of the society.The ruling government in Saudi Arabia is also in a situation similar to the mentioned situation. In the Saudi society, there are serious threats from the government to different individuals and groups of the society. With the implementation of agency changes in the political structure of Saudi Arabia since 2015 and the reforms that have taken place in the cultural and social fields in this country, people have noticed that whether human security in Saudi Arabia has really been taken into consideration by the current government? The findings of the current research show that despite the aforementioned agency changes in the political structure of Saudi Arabia, the role of the government structure and the context in which the current government was formed cannot be ignored in this issue. From this point of view, while examining the structure of the government in Saudi Arabia, the field of research is clarified and the issue of human security and its relationship with the structure of the government are determined, so that through this way, it is possible to examine the issue of human security in this country and examine the role of the government as a structural factor in The threat is heeded. Therefore, the threats against human security in Saudi Arabia by the government, before and after the social and cultural reforms of recent years; will be reviewed. For this purpose, this article seeks to find the answer to the question that how does the structure of the government in Saudi Arabia threaten human security in the society? In this regard, by comparing the conditions before and after the reforms in this country, the question of whether the threat to human security in the Saudi society originates from the structure of the government or the role of the agents who are at the top of the power? According to the conducted studies, the hypothesis of the research has been formulated in such a way that the ruling government in Saudi Arabia with the characteristics of a maximalist government and possessing characteristics such as authoritarianism, profit seeking and the extensive and decisive performance of the influential security apparatus against individuals, personal and human security It has threatened the whole society and thus the category of human security has no meaning for the ruling government in Saudi Arabia and the concept of security only means the security of the state and is summed up in its national and state dimension. The important point is that the reforms of recent years in the social and cultural fields in the Saudi society have not been able to reduce these threats. The findings indicate that Bin Salman's reforms in Saudi Arabia were cultural and superficial reforms, and even during its implementation, the ruling government in this country, due to its maximum nature, as in the past through legislation, public policy and the implementation of its social programs and also from By creating a kind of political disorder caused by the suppression of internal political rivals, it has acted as a de-security factor for the society and human beings and has caused the most important threats to different sections of the society, including elites, critics, immigrants and minorities. Therefore, the nature of the structure of the ruling government in Saudi Arabia can be considered a serious threat to the human security of the Saudi society, regardless of the role of agents in it.Research evidence shows that women in Saudi Arabia are still restricted by Wahhabi rules. As a minority, Shiites are also in the lowest social class, and executions and repression against them have increased. Foreign workers and immigrants, political elites, journalists and civil activists are also in an unfavorable situation due to the repression and restrictions caused by the atmosphere of Ben Salman's rise to power. Therefore, since the applied reforms had only socio-cultural aspects, they were carried out superficially due to the political conditions of Saudi Arabia and were not formulated in the framework of the laws and regulations of this country, and the issue of human security was included in these reforms. therefore, the structure of the government in Saudi Arabia after the reforms is the same as the previous maximum structure, which in nature causes a threat to human security in the society. As a result, it can be acknowledged that removing the threat to human security in a society requires the minimization of the government structure in it, and it requires deep political and civil changes and reforms in the power structure in the country, but in Saudi Arabia after the period of Bin Salman's reforms, the power structure Not only did it not change; Moreover, its authoritarian, police and security components also intensified. Based on this, it can be accepted that human security in Saudi Arabia is still in conflict with the interests of the government and the ruling family, and as long as the government structure in this country is maximal, authoritarian and profit-oriented, human security in the society will be under threat.
hasan danaee fard; JAVAD VALI ASL
Abstract
Improving the quality of public policies is great challenge facing all countries, because policies low quality will have heavy consequences, including the institutionalization of poverty, wasting national resources and ultimately undermine public confidence . Several studies focused on the role of good ...
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Improving the quality of public policies is great challenge facing all countries, because policies low quality will have heavy consequences, including the institutionalization of poverty, wasting national resources and ultimately undermine public confidence . Several studies focused on the role of good policies in improving national performance. Nevertheless, the quality of public policies depends at the national and international environment of each country . The goal of this research is identifying and Exploring mechanisms to improve the quality of public policies in Iran. The results this research can be effective in theoretical extending of quality of public policies. Research Carried out in two step. In the first step (qualitative) The identifying mechanisms and using technique of continuous comparison , quality of the findings have been evaluated, and in second step the rankings mechanisms, descriptive hypotheses was exposed examing about mechanisms . The results show that the mechanisms design information system of public policy-makers in the country, the design of system vertical and horizontal integration of public policies , applization of knowledge of country public policy makers and Facilitating the entry of merit elites in parliament, the government, the judiciary, city and Village Islamic councils and public policy making institutions the more important than any other mechanism in improving the quality of public policies in Iran.
