Hassan Ahmadian
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the practical dimensions of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's government experience on the basis of the theoretical foundations of this movement. Through this study, the author seeks to analyze the most important political debates over the one-year rule of the ...
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The purpose of this article is to examine the practical dimensions of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's government experience on the basis of the theoretical foundations of this movement. Through this study, the author seeks to analyze the most important political debates over the one-year rule of the Brotherhood in Egypt and the consequences of its overthrow. In other words, explaining the critiques of the Brotherhood's practical approach and the practical and sometimes theoretical responses of the Brotherhood's government and its supporters are the subject of the article's discussion. As we know, the Muslim Brotherhood failed to achieve the democratic transition in Egypt, and its governmental experience led to the Egyptian democratic retreat. The twofold question of the paper is how the practical foundations of the Brotherhood's rule had its effect on its overthrow and what the consequences of this transformation would have on the Brotherhood movement as well as on Egyptian civil rule. In response, it is argued that the failure of pivotal principle of the Brotherhood model of rule, that is balancing, in the chaotic Egyptian environment led to its overthrow; The consequence of this overthrow, in addition to promoting the Brotherhood's pragmatism and increasing divisions, is spreading extremism and the difficulty of Brotherhood's return to power, which overall makes political reconciliation more difficult. Accordingly, the author, in a deductive process, relying on library data, has attempted to follow the process of change in the cause and effect of the research, explaining the reasons for the Brotherhood's functioning in government and its overthrow on the basis of its theory. The time frame of the article would be the Brotherhood's reign until the July 2013 coup and includes references to the aftermath.
Alireza Dabirnia
Abstract
The nature of the nation practice (nation-state) in creating and amending a constitution is usually measured by two legal and political perspectives: In the legal approach, this jurisdiction is defined within a legal system, but in the political approach the jurisdiction is considered to be the basis ...
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The nature of the nation practice (nation-state) in creating and amending a constitution is usually measured by two legal and political perspectives: In the legal approach, this jurisdiction is defined within a legal system, but in the political approach the jurisdiction is considered to be the basis of the constitution and the power of government derives exclusively from the political will of the nation. It appears that the Constitutional Review Council was constituted in 1989 on the basis of the political theory of "political will of the nation as the foundation of the Constitution" and that the nations ‘intended reforms was done because basically no right was included for the nation to amend the constitution in 1979. The main purpose of the present study is to examine the theoretical foundations of the competence of the nation in drafting and amending the constitution; what is more, the results of this research can be considered as one of the political theories of government in Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research question is "On what basis and the theory of the 1979 constitution has been revised and amended"? It can be argued that the constitution is credited with a basis called the political will of the nation
Morteza Hasaninasab
Abstract
The main question of the present study is why the scholars of the Baghdad school, unlike their predecessors, allowed people to cooperate with tyrant sultan. The significance of this research goes back to the important evolution that has taken place in Imamiyya's political jurisprudence, namely, the conversion ...
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The main question of the present study is why the scholars of the Baghdad school, unlike their predecessors, allowed people to cooperate with tyrant sultan. The significance of this research goes back to the important evolution that has taken place in Imamiyya's political jurisprudence, namely, the conversion of the fatwa of the sanctity of cooperation with tyrant Sultan to the authorization and necessity of cooperation with it. The study first examined the views of the jurisprudents before the Baghdad school, and it was concluded that they regarded the state as the exclusive right of the innocent Imam and favored cooperation with the ruler of oppression. Subsequently, the conditions of the jurisprudents time of Baghdad work era have been analyzed to determine the factors that have revised their earlier jurisprudence and legitimized cooperation with tyrant sultan. The present study examines this shift in the views of Shiite scholars with Skinner's hermeneutics and identifies its causes. The result is that the changing norms of the sanctity of cooperation with the tyrant Sultan and its conversion to license, and even the necessity of cooperation by the Imamiyya scholars of Baghdad school, have been due to the changing conditions prevailing in Islamic society and an opportunity for Buyids to strengthen the Shiite religion and the status of Shiites. This study provides a background for future researches on the relationship of the change of jurisprudential fatwas in politics with the prevailing scientific, social and political conditions.
Shoja Ahmadvand; Ahmad Reza Bordbar
Abstract
A controversial concept, state is a single denominator with diverse and multifaceted models, as well as a contentious phenomenon with numerous problems in meaning, concept and application. While some see the state as a phenomenon that dates back to the sixteenth century, others cite the state as a special ...
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A controversial concept, state is a single denominator with diverse and multifaceted models, as well as a contentious phenomenon with numerous problems in meaning, concept and application. While some see the state as a phenomenon that dates back to the sixteenth century, others cite the state as a special form of government; therefore, in this sense, every social order requires the state. In ancient Iran, the concept of government and governance will only mean with the concept of a prince, as the institution of the prince in the Iranian thought is the ideal king. The present study seeks to examine the nature of government in ancient Iran as the first center of dynamism and emergence of government in the human world. In this study, the main question is on what basis was the nature of government in ancient Iran during the Achaemenid era? After answering the question, it is hypothesized that the nature of government in ancient Iran was based on Iranian ideology of an ideal king based on religious and moral purity, since Iranian morality and spirit were based on Zoroaster teachings and the Achaemenid kings represented their attributes of heavenly monarchy. This hypothesis has been processed by a historical sociology approach and an analysis of the nature of state during the Achaemenid period in a descriptive-analytic method.
Seyed Hadi Zarghani; Ebrahim Ahmadi
Abstract
The term good governance is used today on a wide scale from a local to an international level. In the meantime, governance in the form of local government seems to be more commensurate with good governance. This research seeks to answer the questions of what is the relationship between local government ...
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The term good governance is used today on a wide scale from a local to an international level. In the meantime, governance in the form of local government seems to be more commensurate with good governance. This research seeks to answer the questions of what is the relationship between local government and good governance and what are the unique characteristics and traits of a local government that can be considered a good government? In addition, what is the best method for delegating powers and responsibilities to citizens in order to make local government efficient in terms of good governance? The research is descriptive-analytical based on its nature and methodology and the required information is gathered in a documentary manner with reference to reliable books and articles. The research findings show that with respect to specific and prominent features of local government such as decentralization, democratic structure, local and people-centered planning and decision-making, attention to the interests of the general public, the distribution of opportunities and the establishment of social and geographical justice, more community benefits from development and welfare, local government can be regarded as the ideal example for good governance. Also among the many features that local government has, the principle of optimal decentralization (political, economic, administrative, technical, geographical, etc.), as the real symbol and ultimate goal of local government, is undoubtedly the best and most practical way of good administrative governance. In this way, by delegating some of the responsibilities to the citizens, their involvement in regional and national affairs becomes more real and then the mutual interaction between the local government and the central government becomes facilitated. It will also have decentralization of power (central government) as a principle. In short, because of the specific nature and functions of local government, it can be used to establish a good governance model.
Abdolmajid Seifi; Naser Pourhassan
Abstract
Since the failed coup in June 2016, a series of developments have begun in Turkey that are not comparable to the post-coup era of the past decades. The purpose of this article is to analyze the nature of the government in Turkey after the coup. The main question is what is the nature of the Turkish government ...
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Since the failed coup in June 2016, a series of developments have begun in Turkey that are not comparable to the post-coup era of the past decades. The purpose of this article is to analyze the nature of the government in Turkey after the coup. The main question is what is the nature of the Turkish government after the abortive coup of June 2016? The paper also hypothesizes that the developments and set of changes that Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his party (Justice and Development) have initiated in recent years, accelerated since the 2016 coup so that the nature of government in Turkey would be changed from fragile democracy into “anocracy". In this government, while some democratic institutions are in power, the symptoms of authoritarianism and the transition to anocratic government is increasing. The findings of the article show that changing 18 articles from the Turkish constitution, transforming parliamentary system into presidential, enhancing the power of the President and weakening the supervisory organizations, severe weakening of the judicial system, intense violation of human rights, particularly tough violence against Gulenists and Kurds and the widespread suppression and liquidation of government opponents at the level of the military and civilians, are the hallmarks of the emergence of anocratic government in Turkey after the 2016 coup. The data collected for the paper hypothesis were processed in a descriptive-analytical method.
