Public Policy
Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Baki Hashemi
Abstract
IntroductionThe presence of the Covid-19 virus was first reported in December 2018 in Wuhan, China, and then it spread to other countries in the world. Iran also officially announced on February 30, 2018 that this virus has entered the country. Following this issue, a series of different policies were ...
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IntroductionThe presence of the Covid-19 virus was first reported in December 2018 in Wuhan, China, and then it spread to other countries in the world. Iran also officially announced on February 30, 2018 that this virus has entered the country. Following this issue, a series of different policies were used to provide the ground to control and contain the disease. Due to the fact that the virus was unknown, the way governments dealt with it was different, but the problem that made Iran's conditions more difficult to deal with the virus was the widespread sanctions, especially in the field of raw materials, medicine and medical equipment. The epidemic of corona disease and its extraordinary spread caused wide challenges and problems in health, economic, social, security, etc. fields. Therefore, taking strategic and timely decisions to control the virus and its consequences became very important. But now that the world is in the post-coronavirus era, learning from the governance methods in dealing with and confronting governments with the corona virus in the past can provide great political lessons for the necessary preparation to deal with possible epidemics. Provide the lowest cost and the highest benefit in the future. Therefore, in order to learn from the bitter experience of the past and to create a bridge from the past, in order to make the future measures more transparent, in order to answer these questions: 1) What policies does the Iranian government have in view of the corona virus epidemic? What could be done to control the spread of the epidemic with relatively low economic cost and high public benefit? 2) What optimal policy should the Iranian government adopt in the event of an epidemic disease crisis? The research was designed and implemented. Therefore, the aim of the research is to gather the opinions of experts and experts regarding the most effective policy measures in facing the Corona epidemic in order to derive a transparent, coherent and effective policy to ensure the readiness of the country's governance system to deal with similar critical conditions in the future, so that the country is able to recover with the least damage. To be resilient and bear such emergency situations. By examining the research conducted in the field of the nature of the Corona problem as a malignant problem compared to the manageable problems and the development of its strategic principles, it was determined that this issue has a research gap in the scientific-research literature of the country, also in the field of Corona policy making and its foundations. Considering the novelty of this topic, there are many research shortcomings. Therefore, this research seeks to fill these research gaps.Materials and MethodsThe current research is among the applied researches in terms of its purpose and it was done with a qualitative approach. In the qualitative stage, thematic analysis method (or theme analysis) has been used to identify the categories of the research. In order to identify the policies and policies adopted during the Corona epidemic in Iran in order to identify and formulate optimal policies, while using the method of library studies and the use of scientific-research documents and documents, articles, reference books and domestic and foreign sources; Additional data of the research has been collected by field method and semi-structured interviews. Triangulation method was used to check research tools. The selection criteria of people have been having expertise, experience or published works in the field of the research subject and also having a management experience of more than 10 years, which formed the possible community for the researcher to refer to, who is trying to answer the following questions.1) Considering the epidemic of corona disease, what policies could the Iranian government implement to control the spread of the epidemic with relatively low economic cost and high public benefit?2) In the event of an epidemic crisis, what optimal policy should the Iranian government adopt?Finally, the participants with the "snowball sampling method" and carefully refer to the first circle available; were determined and interviewed until reaching the theoretical saturation point; It continued with 16 experts.Results and Discussion The results include 218 primary themes, 24 sub-themes and 6 main themes which include social contact reduction policies, social contact maintenance policies, public support policies and finally governance system policies. It was also found that according to the past experience and the economic and social conditions of Iran, the optimal policy to deal with and prepare for the future has two main stages: First, the stage of strike action with a short-term comprehensive shutdown of three to four weeks to A way that the number of patients at the community level is drastically reduced (according to the course of the disease) and a new and desired equilibrium point is reached with limited mortality. Second, the stage of gradual return to social and economic activities by controlling the reproduction number near one. Finally, research and executive proposals were presented.ConclusionThe success of the policy depends on the minimization of social interactions in the first stage so that people reduce their interactions in closed spaces to near zero and necessary activities are carried out using personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves. Of course, the necessity of accompanying citizens is continuous communication, transparency in informing the real and complete statistics of patients and deaths, separated by different regions. Although it may seem that the peace of the society depends on making the situation less risky, the reality is that the success of the short-term strike policy depends on the full cooperation of the citizens, which also depends on their accurate knowledge of the risk of disease in different places and times. Different are tied. After passing the first stage, the policy makers can carefully rely on the information and knowledge that is determined daily by researchers and epidemiologists about the characteristics of the disease to monitor the number of reproduction and take prudent measures and control it. In the vicinity and under the number of people, they are engaged. And by determining different and diverse support packages for the vulnerable and at-risk groups, they will help to maintain social cohesion and mobilize the society to overcome the epidemic wave.
Political Science
Bahram Akhavan kazemi; Fatemeh Forootan
Abstract
The main issue of this article is about the relationship of work and Coronavirus and the changes and transformations that have been created in the field of work due to the occurrence of this global risk and, as a result, have transformed the role of the government; changes that, according to Ulrich beck's ...
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The main issue of this article is about the relationship of work and Coronavirus and the changes and transformations that have been created in the field of work due to the occurrence of this global risk and, as a result, have transformed the role of the government; changes that, according to Ulrich beck's interpretation, by removing the standards and certainties of work, such as working in a specific place as a factory or an office and during specific hours of the day, have caused the destandardization of work and turned the global society into a risk global society and caused citizens to rethink the internal and international role of governments. Indeed, Coronavirus By forcing governments to adopt policies such as quarantine, forced suspension of jobs, limiting social interactions and reducing relations with other countries not only led to the closure of many businesses and unemployment of many people, but also by creating the need for a decisive role of the government in order to support different classes of different societies around the world to deal with this pandemic, it widened the scope of government's influence and the field of its social interventions. So, according to the findings of the research, which are the result of documentary studies by using the historical-adaptive approach to compare two different types of government in China and the United States, it can be inferred that with the outbreak of Corona, the liberal model of government is being replaced by a stronger government that is not a type of Chinese authoritarianism, but is an embedded liberalism that combines economic freedom with domestic social support. Some Important works have been written about the political and social consequences of Corona, among which we can mention Francis Fukuyama's article (2020) entitled "Pandemic and Political Order". The author claims that this crisis, like other global crises such as: The Great Recession, World Wars, the 11th September attack, has special consequences which its political dimensions are even more important than its economic effects; Therefore, this pandemic can lead to the intensification of nationalism, isolationism and an attack to the liberal political order. Farhad zivyar and reza khodabandelou(2019) in an article entitled " corona and reproduction of authoritarianism in democratic states" claim that successful experience of authoritarian states such as china in dealing with coronavirus can turn the global desire in to the accumulation and concentration of power and therefore, the closure of democratic space. But what distinguishes this article from other works that have been written in this field is its focus on the work and risks that have occurred in this arena by the occurrence of Corona that has changed the citizen's attitude about the role of government and the philosophy of its existence. In addition, although these works give priority to authoritarian states in drawing the political order of the post-coronavirus world, in this article, authoritarianism has its own criticisms that reveal the necessity of moving towards a middle path in the frame of embedded liberalism. So, it can be concluded that although since four decades ago, the best government is the one that restricts its field of intervention in society and only provides military security in the country, but in the risk situation, not only governments have found an opportunity to expand their interventions in the society, but also citizens have come to the conclusion that their egalitarianism concerns and their comprehensive security may be more important than their liberal desires. So, they prefer governments that deal with this pandemic and its harmful effects in different aspects with a wider range of power. The weak performance and inefficiency of the United States of America as the leader of the neoliberal agenda of the role and duties of the government on the one hand and the success of Chinese authoritarianism in dealing with this pandemic, verifies the accuracy of this matter. Of course, it does not mean that the Chinese authoritarian system is uncritical and perfect and its acceptance by other countries in the post-corona world is inevitable; Because China, due to the special features of its political system, such as complete controlling the flow of information, may be condemned of intervening the private sphere and totalitarianism. Therefore, it seems that balance is a requirement of dynamism, and this dynamism can be seen in the performance of Denmark government, which seeks to create a balance between international economic freedom and domestic social protection. So it's possible that the political order in the post-Corona world should be based on an embedded liberalism that maintains its economic independence and stands on its own feet in the international arena despite being affected by the flow of global communications and exchanges.
Sara Keshkar; Arefeh Ghanbari Firoozabadi
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the managerial performance of world sports organizations in the corona virus crisis and exploit superior experiences for the future similar situations. For this, a comparative study method was used. This research sought to answer the question of how the sport ...
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The purpose of this research was to study the managerial performance of world sports organizations in the corona virus crisis and exploit superior experiences for the future similar situations. For this, a comparative study method was used. This research sought to answer the question of how the sport organizations acted during the pandemic in Iran and other countries. The study population was public and private sports organizations of the top 20 countries in the field of sports industry in addition to Iran (N = 21) whose performance during the pandemic era was published in the world media. For this purpose, all relevant news and reports published in the world news agencies were analyzed. All collected data were categorized, and interpreted using George Brady's four-step model. The results showed that the performance of sports organizations was divided into two general parts: a) activities related to sports and b) activities related to social responsibility of organizations. The findings showed that there were similarities and differences between countries in the performance of their sports organizations. Meanwhile, Iranian sports organizations did not perform well in most aspects of support activities compared to other countries, so in the future, the managers of these organizations need to use the world experience in crisis management and develop flexible and responsive planning to deal with future crises. In this regard, managers need to put the possibility of training their staff to deal with future crises on their agenda.
