نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

«انقلاب خاموش» اصطلاحی است که در ارتباط با تغییر و تحولات تدریجی در عرصه فکری ـ نگرشی و باورهای سیاسی به‌کار رفته است، این انقلاب می‌تواند منجر به کنش‌های سیاسی اعتراضی و انقلاب سیاسی و اجتماعی گردد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، تحلیل تاثیر اینترنت بر شکل‌گیری انقلاب خاموش ارزشی ـ نگرشی و وقوع بهار عربی در چارچوب نظریه رونالد اینگلهارت است. پرسش پژوهش آن است که: مهم‌ترین عامل موثر بر بروز انقلاب خاموش در جوانان شهری و تحصیلکردگان خاورمیانه عربی در دو دهه اخیر چه بوده است؟ پیامد چنین انقلابی، در ساحت رفتاری یا کنشی چه بوده است؟ فرضیه تحقیق: بدون آن‌که تاثیر تحول در نظام آموزشی نادیده گرفته شود، باید گفت که از نیمه دوم دهه 2000 به این‌سو، افزایش دسترسی و استفاده از اینترنت منجر به شکل‌گیری انقلاب خاموش در ساحت ارزشی ـ نگرشی و فکری و در ساحت رفتاری به تشدید کنش‌های اعتراضی در فضای سایبری و غیر سایبری و بهار عربی شد. روش تحقیق از نوع تبیینی ـ علی و تحلیلی است. با استفاده از داده‌های پیمایش‌های ارزشی و نگرشی انجام شده توسط مراکز پژوهشی منطقه‌ای و مطالعات کمی انجام شده، در این پژوهش این نتیجه حاصل شد که اینترنت در بیش از یک دهه اخیر تا حد زیادی بر سپهر نگرشی و ارزشی و نیز سپهر رفتاری جوانان شهری و تحصیلکردگان تاثیرگذار بوده است؛ اما این نتیجه در مورد توده‌های بی‌سواد و کم‌سواد تایید نمی‌گردد لذا در تحلیل تاثیر اینترنت، متغیر نظام آموزشی متحول به‌عنوان متغیر زمینه‌ای ـ که مفروض گرفته شده ـ را نمی‌توان نادیده گرفت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Internet and Youth’s Silent Revolution in the Middle East Khalil

نویسنده [English]

  • Khalil Sardarnia

Associate Professor, Department of Political Sciences, Shiraz University

چکیده [English]

Purpose: The aim of this research is the analysis of internet’s impact on shaping silent revolution in Middle East and then, occurrence of Arab spring in the context of this revolution in framework of Ingelhart theory. By attention to this aim, the author has tried to give quantitative and analytical answer to this question: what is the most important factor on shaping of silent revolution in urban and educated youth in the Middle East from 2000s onward? What is the behavioral repercussion of this revolution? Without denying the impact of development in educational system as control variable, the hypothesis in this research is that the increasing of availability and using internet from the second half of 2000s decade onward has been led to shaping of silent revolution in attitude dimension and then, in shaping and intensification of protest actions in cyber and non-cyber sphere and Arab spring at behavioral one. By attention to these socio-political circumstances, The Middle East region has been the focus attention of mass media, analysts and public opinion in the world.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper is formed and based on causal-analytical explanative method and secondary analysis of data by using of attitude-value survey data from regional and world research centers.
Findings: The result of this research is that in more than one last decade, internet has been much efficient on the changing of urban and educated youth at value-attitude and behavioral dimensions in Middle East. This change can be named as silent revolution. But this result cannot be verified for illiterate or little literate masses, so we cannot deny the impact of educational system as a field or control variable that has been hypothesized in this research. Findings of this research show that without these value/attitude developments and changes, we couldn’t see the last political protests in this region. Of course, it is so soon that these protests are named as a revolution. But by extension of these changes in value and behavioral dimensions and other requirements in future, probably we will see the development toward to real revolution. At present time in the context of attitude and awareness changing, the urban and educated youth acts as the important actor in socio-political sphere of Middle East.
Originality/Value: The silent revolution is an idiom that has been used for changes in socio-political values and beliefs. This revolution can be an introduction or incitement for political protest and socio-political developments. The present research is new due to reasons such as: absence of direct research with this title, application of the theory of silent revolution, using world and regional value survey centers and then, making relation between value and awareness changes and political protests in Middle East and North Africa in the last decade. In this research, it has been tried to test a fulfilled theory in west Europe but now in a different region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Middle East
  • Silent Revolution
  • intellectual-attitude changes
  • Arab Spring
اینگلهارت، رونالد. (1373). تحول فرهنگی در جوامع صنعتی، ترجمه‌ی مریم وتر، تهران: انتشارات کویر.
اینگلهارت، رونالد؛ ولزل، کریستین. (1373). نوسازی، تغییر فرهنگی و دموکراسی، ترجمه‌ی یعقوب احمدی، تهران: انتشارات کویر.
هانتینگتون، سموئل. (1375). سامان سیاسی در جوامع دستخوش دگرگونی، ترجمه‌ی محسن ثلاثی، چاپ دوم، تهران: نشر علم.
Abed, Hasan A. (2005). “The Influence of Internet in the Political Culture”, Journal of Social Sciences, 1(3), 128-135.
Al. Kandari, Ali& Hasanen, Mohammed. (2012). “Impact of the Internet on Political Attitudes in Kuwait and Egypt”, Telematics and Informatics, Vol.29.
Aman, Mohammed& Jayroe, Tina. (2013). “ICTs, Social Media and Arab Transition to Democracy”, Digest of Middle East Studies, 22(2).
Best, Michael L& Wade, Keegan. (2009). “The Internet and Democracy, Global Catalyst or Democratic Dud?” Bulletin of Science Technology & Society, 29(4), 255-271.
Comninos, Alex. (2011). “Twitter Revolution and Cyber Crackdowns, User Generated Content 7 Social Networking In the Arab Spring”, Associate for Progressive Communications, June, No.20.
Danju, Maasoglu. (2013). “From Authocracy to Democracy: the Impact of Social Media on the Transformation Process in North Africa & Middle East”, Procedia Social & Behavioral Sciences, Vol.81, 678-681.
Daud, Asia. (2011). Cyber Dissent in the Middle East”, Ph.D Dissertation in Political Science, Carelemont Graduate University.
Dubai School Media Report The Arab Social Media Report. (2012). “Social Media in Arab World and Government…” Vol.2, No.1.
Ege, Ash& Nohra, Fouad. (2013). “Explaining the arab Revolution within the Context of Globalization in the Middle East.
El.Difraouj, Asiem. (2012). “No Face book Revolution”, in M. Assburg (ed), Protest Revolut and Regime Change in Arab World, Berlin, SWP Research Paper, February.
Hashem, Mahboub E. (2009). “Impact and Implications of New Information Technology on Middle East Youth”, Global Media Journal, Vol.8, Issue 14.
Hoffman, Michael & Jamal, Aman. (2012). “The Youth and the Arab Spring”, Midde East Law & Governance, Vol.4, 168-188.
Hofheinz, Albrecht. (2005). “te Internet in the Arab World, Playground for Political Liberalization”, International Politics & Society, 3(1), 78-96.
Ingelhart,R. (1988). "The Renaissance of Political Culture" American Political Science Review, Vol.  82, No.4.
Katja, Niethammer. (2012). “Calm & Squalls, the Small Monarchies in the Arab Spring”,   in M. Assburg (ed), Protest Revolut and Regime Change in Arab World, Berlin, SWP Research Paper, February.
Khoury, Makram. (2007). “Palestinian Youth and Political Activism”, Policy Future in Education, 5 (1), 17-36.
Kinninmont, Jane. (2013). “to What Extent is Twitter Changing Gulf Societies?” www.chatmanhouse.org.
Kuhn, Randall. (2011). On the Role of Human Development in the Arab Spring, Ph.D Thesis in International Studies, University of Denver.
Lammer, Wiebake. (2013). Twitter & Tyrant: New Media and its Effects on Sovereignty in the Middle East, www.Arab Media Society Center.com.
Maamari, Bassem & El.Zein, Hala. (2014). “the Impact of Social Media on the Political Interest of Youth in Lebanon at the Wake of Arab Spring”, Social Science Computer Review, 32(4), 496-505.
Mark, Wilson& Kenneth, Corcy. (2012). “The Role of ICTs in Arab Spring Movements, 26(3-4).
Maurushat, Alana 7 et.al. (2014). “the Impact of Social Networks & Mobile Technologies on the Revolution in Arab World: Egypt & Tunisia”, Laws, Vol.3.
Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government (2014). The Arab Social Media Report, www. The Arab Social Media Report.com.
Mus, Anamarlja. (2006). “Was there Silent Revolution?” Politicka Misao, Vol.XIII, No.5, 121-146.
Nashmi, Eisa. (2007). “Political Discussion in the Arab World, Kuwait…” M.A Thesis in Mass Communication, University of Florida.
Savir, Uri. (2015). “the Middle East Internet Revolution”, www.mlni.com.