Ali Mokhtari; Reza Dehbanipour
Abstract
Prior to the 2011 Egyptian revolution, scholars would assess the state–society relations in Egypt in the age of globalization as ineffective, considering any change impossible. However, popular movements in the Middle East and the easy collapse of state indicated that the state–society relation ...
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Prior to the 2011 Egyptian revolution, scholars would assess the state–society relations in Egypt in the age of globalization as ineffective, considering any change impossible. However, popular movements in the Middle East and the easy collapse of state indicated that the state–society relation was not passive. In an attempt to re-examine state–society relations, this research focuses on why and how the state–society relations in Egypt, which had been based on authoritarian hegemony, underwent rupture and crisis. Moreover, it tries to explain how the state has managed to deal with the transformation of civil society. The findings show that despite the state’s incomplete and reductionist approach to globalization, the decrease in the state control over economy, in public services and the increase in inequality crisis all have led to class divisions, unemployment, and inflation. The loss of the elements integral to state hegemony led to the emergence of discontented and insurgent political subjects, which made the state insist on its repressive, non-ideological, and undemocratic functions. Due to the weakness in reproducing its power in civil society and the failure to realize the change in the subject’s sensibility–behavior schemata, the state failed in the face of the immediate movement of people, and emerging sociopolitical forces overthrew the state with the help of new media facilities.
Mohammad Bagher khorramshad; Majid Nejatpoor
Abstract
Purpose: After the Islamic Revolution, some intellectual and political currents discussed the concept of development. In the wake of continuing discussion on development, liberal development discourse arose from the intellectual and political currents of the 70th. In this article, we want to show how ...
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Purpose: After the Islamic Revolution, some intellectual and political currents discussed the concept of development. In the wake of continuing discussion on development, liberal development discourse arose from the intellectual and political currents of the 70th. In this article, we want to show how the concept of development appeared, why it was rejected by some groups, and what happened to its meaning. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this regard, we can pay attention to the works of Mahmud Sariolghalam & Mouse Ghaninejad for a deeper understanding of the intellectual and political content of liberalism in Iran. Development discourse tries to articulate main concepts such as small government, freedom, market economy, and human rights. This study tries to examine the development discourse by using discourse analysis. Findings: The mail question of this article is this: What is change from the perspective of liberal development discourse? In response to this question, it can be said: the change consist of the process of modernization and transition from traditional society to modern society. This means “liberal modernization”. The main element of liberal current is the optimization of liberal system, economic competition and a minimum role of state in domestic politics and international trade. The supporters of liberal current pay attention to change and modernization, and hold an optimistic view of new western civilization. They believe that in failure to reach development, determinant factors are domestic factors such as wrong thoughts and beliefs of Iranian culture. Originality/Value: In this article, we investigate liberal development discourse and try to establish a relationship between liberal current and development. This current defends a systematic liberal perspective and a competitive economy. The Adherents of this current believe that the state intervention in economic activities must become very minimal.
Salman Sadeghi Zadeh
Abstract
Purpose: Nation state is a newly-constructed institution established in the wake of United States declaration of independence and has been spreading all over the world in recent centuries. But nowadays nation-state is in retreat and this is the main problem that this article aims to address. In fact, ...
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Purpose: Nation state is a newly-constructed institution established in the wake of United States declaration of independence and has been spreading all over the world in recent centuries. But nowadays nation-state is in retreat and this is the main problem that this article aims to address. In fact, nation state causes the rudimentary development of globalization but paradoxically as globalization started to spread out nation state was the first victim of its dominance. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the nature and process of this evolution and to try to find inevitably effective elements form which blowing out of the nation state is rooted. So in forthcoming debates, we will analyze the different dimensions of the issue.Design/Methodology/Approach: Generally speaking, this essay deals with the issue from a historical point of view and with analyzing different aspects effective in the process tries not to be reductive and unilateral. Along with its historical approach this essay remains mainly descriptive especially in explicating the fundamental independent variables which are playing the role in a mutual complementary manner. Although, the globalization may have nothing to do with nation state directly, it affects the exacerbating situation of national state on a regular basis through its forces. The essay introduces the four independent variables and one dependent variable. The four independent variables include cosmopolitanism, international organizations and regimes, unleashed market and newly-arisen identities and the independent variable is nothing but weakening situation of an entity called national state.Findings: First and foremost, cosmopolitanism is of paramount significance. We can conceive of cosmopolitanism as an ideology which is in full contrast with nationalism. In fact, nationalism which is being replaced by cosmopolitanism apace and swiftly lies mainly on national individual. Cosmopolitanism instead of focusing on national identity focuses mainly on global and universal features and weakens the national portrait of human being by displaying it as a supra-national entity. By this way the infrastructure on which the ideology of nationalism is erected will be faltered. Another variable is empowering the international bodies which could lead to more marginalization of national states. In this case, the UN organization is of the most importance and can see easily its power and ability to limit some actions of national states. The third variable is free and unleashed market which also has the same role especially because it makes national borders more vulnerable and penetrable. From twenty century on we observe the ever increasing development of international market all over the world. It is a fact that many activities of international companies are out of the hands of governments. The last but not the least variable is newly-arising identities among which looming new diasporic communities are of the essence.Originality/Value: To sum up, this essay is an insightful and intuitive one for anybody who wants to ponder on the different and various dimensions of globalization and its main results especially for national state. In fact, by analyzing the four prior variables readers could intuitively foresee the future of the national state in the age of globalization.
